Enzyme Classes
One of the six main enzyme classes, which transfers a functional group between a donor and a recipient.
What are transferases?
A diastereomer different at only one chiral center.
What is an epimer?
The suffix of the first molecule in a linkage, which indicates that there is a second molecule.
What is -syl?
Of the following: α-amylose, amylopectin, glycogen; this is a strong polymer of glucose primarily found in animals.
What is glycogen?
Dr. Freeman's mnemonic for determining α/β configurations in Haworth Projections.
What is "-OH! It's Hαw-pposite to the highest exocyclic carbon"?
One of the six main enzyme classes, which uses H2O to split a molecule into two.
What are hydrolases?
This is the position (out of two types) in a cyclohexane chair that is favored by bulky substituents.
What is equatorial?
The suffix for the last molecule in a linkage when the total molecule is a non-reducing sugar.
What is -side?
The polysaccharide that makes up 70-90% of total starch.
The molecule in the ratio NADPH:NADP+ during anabolism pathways that is found in greater amounts than the other.
NADPH
One of the six main enzyme classes, which typically uses ATP to form C-C, C-N, C-O, or C-S bonds between two molecules.
What are ligases?
If a Haworth Projection of glucose is drawn with the oxygen in the back, the anomeric carbon on the right, and the exocyclic carbon below the ring, is it D or L?
What is L?
In long- and short-form nomenclature of carbohydrates, the arrow is always written originating from this special atom.
What is the anomeric carbon?
Amylopectin is a branched, helical component of starch, made up of many linked units. This is the number of units between branches.
What is 24-30?
Fehling's test has two outcomes: blue, and brown with red precipitate. Which outcome indicates a non-reducing sugar is present?
What is blue?
Synthases use H2O to synthesize molecules, while synthetases utilize ATP. Name the two enzyme classes which these subclasses belong to, in respective order.
What are lyases and ligases?
The process to convert an L-sugar to a D-sugar and vice versa.
What is flipping all the chiral centers?
The suffix for the last carbohydrate in a linkage when the total molecule is a reducing sugar.
What is -se / -ose?
These are two structural polysaccharides that have β(1->4) linkages. One is the most abundant biopolymer and the other is a component of beetle exoskeletons.
The molecule during catabolism pathways that is found in greater amounts than its reduced form.
NAD+
The transferase class consists of aminotransferase and these two other subclasses, one which transfers phosphoryl from ATP, and one which cleaves by introducing inorganic phosphate (Pi).
What are kinases and phosphorylases?
If a Haworth Projection of glucose is drawn with the oxygen in the back, the anomeric carbon on the left, and the exocyclic carbon below the ring, is it D or L?
What is D?
What is wrong with the following nomenclature?
β-D-galactopyranosyl-(β 1->4)-β-D-glucopyranose
What is the unnecessary β inside the parentheses?
The linkage common between the polymers of glucose: α-amylose, amylopectin, and glycogen.
What is α(1->4)?
While monomers can be absorbed directly, this is the location in the body where polymers are broken down.
What is the intestine?