Geography/Pop.
Where is Fort Wayne Located?
Northeastern, Indiana within the industrial heart of the midwest, pg. 32
What was the Indiana Plan of Bi-Racial Cooperation and why didn't it work?
Established in 1941 to help win the war through promoting cooperation among business, black, and labor leaders in defense industries. pg. 36
What was the first industrial company to hire black people in sizable numbers between 1942-1943 and why?
General Electric, which previously discriminated towards hiring black people, and International Harvester. The Indiana War Manpower Commissions received more war contracts than it labor could supply. So they hired black people to make up for the labor shortage. pg. 36
What was the long boom?
Long boom refers to various periods of economic growth, most commonly: The post–World War II economic expansion. The 1990s United States boom. The mid 1980s–2000s period, contemporary with the Great Moderation. pg. 35
What is an economic recession?
A recession is a business cycle contraction that occurs when there is a general decline in economic activity. Recessions generally occur when there is a widespread drop in spending. pg. 38
By how much did the African American Population of Fort Wayne, Indiana grow from 1940-1960
From 2517 in 1940 to 11, 645 in 1960. Fort Wayne was an important manufacturing center for electrical products, trucks, pumps, and metals in the mid twentieth century. Gaining access into the industrial labor market was significant
What is the Federal Housing Administration?
The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) provides mortgage insurance on single-family, multifamily, manufactured home, and hospital loans made by FHA-approved lenders throughout the United States and its territories. It was created by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1938
What are restrictive covenants and how did it affect black home ownership?
Deed clauses preventing the conveyance of a property to black. The Urban League adjudged the Fort Wayne Real estate Board. The case went to the supreme court where they undermined the effectiveness of restrictive covenants but did nothing to improve residential mobility in Fort Wayne, pg. 44
In what year did United Automobile Workers in Fort Wayne establish its own Fair Employment Practices Committee?
1944 pg. 41
What is ethnoracial diversity?
A term that captures both ethnic and racial groups. pg. 33
How did the need for war production effect the economy and black migration?
The number of jobs in Fort Wayne- Allen County rose from 26,000 in April 1940 to 56,600 in June 1963. To appease labor shortages firms hired black men in the late 1942 and black women in mid 1943. pg. 35
What Federal and State Programs were discriminatory towards black people and how did this effect black political voices
Federal work Relief, Civil Works Administration, and the Works Progress Administration p. 34
How did Post-War Trends impact the black population of Fort Wayne
Relocation of jobs to suburban and rural areas, greater reliance on automation in manufacturing processed, loss of defense contracts, increase use of overtime and decrease in hiring with benefits, growth of service and retail business. pg. 37
In what year did United Automobile Workers become the first industrial local in Fort Wayne to negotiate a contract with a nondiscrimination clause
1940 pg. 41
What does FEPC Stand for?
Fair Employment Practices Committee pg. 36
What did black families do in 1940 to save cost of housing and what issue did this lead to?
In 1940, 20.1% of black housing units in Fort Wayne needed major repairs. Overcrowding was a problem estimated by the Federal Housing Administration to affect 2/5 of black inhabitants in 1938 . pg 43
What governmental initiative was created to combat racism? and did it have any effect of the lives of black people?
Fair Employment Practices Committee was created by presidential order in 1941 in investigate racial discrimination in industries with defense contracts pg. 36
How did corporations give way to economic uncertainty for black families?
Black workers could be laid off in accordance with the needs of the local economy. pg. 37
During what time period did Fort Wayne Launch another booster campaign for boost economic growth? What market did they invest?
Mid 1950s. Consumer Market and Retail. Black people were not hired as sales associates. Travel from the east central district to the southwest edge was difficult due to poor public transportation. p. 38
What is the "Black Bourgeoisie"
They are America’s Black upper class based on financial income. The Black Bourgeoisie comprises engineers, lawyers, accountants, doctors, politicians, business executives, venture capitalists, CEOs, celebrities, entertainers, entrepreneurs, and heirs with annual incomes amounting to $200,000 or more. (African American Registry) pg. 34
What was the Great Migration
The Great Migration was one of the largest movements of people in United States history. Approximately six million Black people moved from the American South to Northern, Midwestern, and Western states roughly from the 1910s until the 1970s.
How does policy effect the lived experiences and realities of black people?
- Economics
- Migration
- Community
What experience did the first black family to move in Chicago's Trumbull Park Homes in 1963 have? and why?
A cross was burned out the home of a black doctor who moved into a white neighborhood. p. 45.
When was the Neal Deal Established?
The New Deal was a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1939
What is a Diaspora?
The dispersion of any people from their original homeland.