Misc 1
What was the significance of Cesare Beccaria's book "On Crimes and Punishments" published in the mid-18th century?
On Crimes and Punishments" challenged the prevailing system of harsh and arbitrary punishments and advocated for the use of rational and proportionate penalties, thereby influencing the development of modern criminal justice systems
What is Neoclassicism?
Neoclassicism is an artistic and intellectual movement that emerged in the 18th century as a revival of classical Greek and Roman art and culture, characterized by its emphasis on reason, order, symmetry, and simplicity.
Who was Thomas Hobbes?
Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher who lived during the 17th century and is known for his influential work "Leviathan," which advocated for a social contract theory and the absolute authority of the state.
What is the Encyclopedia?
The Encyclopedia was a landmark publication during the Enlightenment, edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert, which sought to compile and disseminate knowledge on various subjects, promoting reason, science, and enlightenment ideals.
Who was Anne Robert Jacques Turgot?
Anne Robert Jacques Turgot was a French economist and statesman during the Enlightenment, known for his progressive economic and social reforms, including efforts to abolish feudalism and promote free trade.
What were lending libraries?
Lending libraries were institutions that emerged during the Enlightenment, where books and other materials were made available for borrowing by the general public, promoting access to knowledge and literacy.
What was the process of consolidating and enclosing common lands in England during the 18th and 19th centuries, which resulted in the displacement of many rural peasants and the expansion of large-scale agriculture?
Enclosure Movemenrs
Who was John Locke?
John Locke was an English philosopher who lived during the 17th century and is known for his influential ideas on natural rights, limited government, and the consent of the governed, which laid the foundation for modern liberal democracy.
What is "Candide"?
"Candide" is a satirical novel written by Voltaire during the Enlightenment, which critiques social and philosophical ideas of the time, including optimism, religious intolerance, and social inequality.
Who was Jacques Turgot?
Jacques Turgot was a French economist and statesman during the Enlightenment, known for his progressive economic and social reforms, including efforts to abolish feudalism and promote free trade.
What was the name of the group of economists in 18th-century France who advocated for laissez-faire economic policies and believed that land was the source of all wealth?
Physiocrats
What term is used to describe recreational activities, such as hunting or bullfighting, that involve violence and cruelty towards animals?
Blood Sport
Who was Joseph II of Austria?
Joseph II was an enlightened monarch who ruled Austria in the late 18th century and implemented a series of reforms aimed at promoting religious tolerance, education, and administrative efficiency.
What is "A Serious Proposal to the Ladies"?
"A Serious Proposal to the Ladies" is a work written by Mary Astell, an English writer and feminist during the Enlightenment, advocating for the education and empowerment of women.
Who was David Hume?
David Hume was a Scottish philosopher during the Enlightenment, known for his skepticism, empiricism, and influential works on ethics, epistemology, and philosophy of religion.
What were the gatherings held by influential women in 18th-century Europe, where intellectuals and artists would discuss and exchange ideas on literature, art, and philosophy?
Salons
What term refers to shares or ownership in a company or corporation that can be bought or sold, often representing a portion of the company's capital?
Stocks
Who was "The Ignorant Philosopher"?
"The Ignorant Philosopher" was a pseudonym used by Jeremy Bentham, a British philosopher and social reformer, known for his utilitarian philosophy and advocacy for social and legal reforms based on the principles of maximizing happiness and minimizing suffering.
What was the title of the influential philosophical work written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in which he argued that legitimate political authority is based on the consent of the governed and that individuals should be free to create their own laws?
Social Contract
Who was Mary Wollstonecraft?
Who was the English writer and philosopher who advocated for women's rights and is often considered a pioneer of feminism?
What is the name of the central bank of the United Kingdom, which was established in 1694 and is responsible for issuing and regulating the country's currency, managing monetary policy, and overseeing the banking system?
Bank of England
What was the ornate and elaborate artistic style that emerged in Europe during the 18th century, characterized by intricate details, pastel colors, and a sense of playfulness?
Rococo
Who was Voltaire?
Voltaire was a French philosopher and writer during the Enlightenment, known for his wit, satire, and advocacy for civil liberties, including freedom of speech, religion, and tolerance.
What is the title of the famous political treatise written by the French philosopher Montesquieu, which discusses the principles of government, separation of powers, and the importance of checks and balances in a free society?
On the Spirit of Laws
Who was the French philosopher and writer known for his atheistic and materialistic views, and his works that criticized organized religion and advocated for reason and science?
Baron d'Holbach