Unit 1
Name two individual crimes (AC1.1)
Hate crime
Honour crime
Domestic abuse
Eysenck
Name one interactionist theory
Labelling Theory
Name the three types of campaign for unit 2
Newspaper
Individual
Pressure groups
Why is criminality a social construct?
Explain two cultural reasons why crimes are not reported (AC1.2)
Lack of knowledge
Complexity
Lack of media interest
Lack of current public concern
Culture-bound crime
Name one cognitive theory of crime
Criminal personality theory
or
Kohlberg's moral development theory
Explain Marxism
Unequal structure of capitalist society shapes people's behaviour
Working class (Proletariat) and the Ruling Class (bourgeoisie)
Ruling class exploit the working class, driving them into poverty - turn to crime to survive
Working class have consumer goods pushed at them - crime to obtain them
Unequal society causes feelings of alienation and frustration - commit crimes to express this
Provide an example of an individual campaign that achieved change.
Has the change been effective?
Ann Ming's Double Jeopardy
Clare's Law - Domestic Violence Disclose Scheme
Name two laws that have changed over TIME
Homosexuality, Drug laws, Gun control laws, laws relating to children, laws concerning physical punishment
Explain procedural change as a consequence of unreported crimes
Under reporting may change the way people can report crimes, e.g. TV programmes such as crime watch, Telephone lines e.g. Crimestoppers or Child line
Name one strength and one weakness for social learning theory
+ Takes account for us being social beings, we learn from others not just ourselves
+Bandura's research showed children who observed people being rewarded for aggressive behaviour imitated it themselves
- Lab studies based - artificial
- Ignores freedom of choice
-Not all behaviour can be easily imitated, e.g. cracking a safe and getting a lot of money fast
Name two general weakness for sociological theories
Sociologists disagree about the cause of crime, e.g. functionalists see structures as the cause, labelling theory sees interactions between police and suspects as the cause
Overall, not everyone who is deprived turns to crime
Sociological theories neglect other ideas as to why two people in exactly the same social position don't both commit crimes, e.g. biological and psychological factors
What is the name of the legislation that came about as a result of Ann Ming's Double Jeopardy law change campaign
The 2003 Criminal Justice Act
Define Mores (pronounced Mor-rays)
Basic, essential norms that society sees as vital for maintaining standards of decency and civilised behaviour - most important moral rules
Name one event where the media changed the level of response to crime by the police and punishments handed out by the courts
Mods and Rockers
London Riots 2011
What type of policies have arise from Cognitive theories?
Name two programmes
CBT - Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
Think First and ART (Aggression replacement training)
Policies to reduce inequality e.g. providing good jobs and houses for all
Democratic Policing e.g. winning back public support for the police by introducing PCSO's, changing priorities to involve the communities
Multi-Agency approach i.e Many agencies working together to offer alternatives to committing crime.
How does a Pressure Group campaign work?
Organisations that try to influence government policies by gaining public support while also persuading politicians that the law needs changing
Explain how public perception has brought about changes in laws using an example
Changes in societies norms and values change, e.g. drug driving, smoking etc.
Name one strength and one weakness for TWO different media types used in campaigns for change along with an example of a campaign that has used these methods
Blogs
Social media
Viral messaging
Advertising
Radio
TV
Film
Documentary
Word of Mouth
Events
Websites
Is Aversion Therapy effective?
Limited success, usually only short term and it's attempts to 'cure' gay people has been criticised as human rights abuse
Is surveillance effective?
Little effect other than displacement and rarely catches anyone in the act.
Evaluate a pressure group campaign that you understand
e.g. PAS - Protection Against Stalking
1997 Anti-harassment law didn't refer specifically to stalking and only 70 prosecutions occurred within a 10 year period under this act.
PAS was successful in 2012 - Became the Freedoms Act 2012 - Stalking became a criminal offence
Successful - Victims voices were heard. Gained support from wide range of people/groups. Kept the campaign in the public eye through the media, Lobbied MP's from all political parties to fain support
Explain how demographic changes have brought about changes in relation to immigration and racism
In 1945 fewer than 20,000 non white in the UK
1950'/60's non-white immigrants arrived to fill jobs
Windrush generation
Race relations act 1965 - Updated further in 1968 and 1976, was replaced in 2010 with the Equality Act