Surveys
Participants can provide any answer they can think of
What are Open-ended Questions?
Researchers watch participants and write notes about their behaviors
What is Direct (in person) Observations?
a portion of the population who is surveyed or observed
What is a Sample?
Something else that might cause changes in both variable A and variable B
What is a Third Variable?
If this theory is true of the entire population, we should find it in other probability samples
What is Generalization Mode?
Participants rank their agreement with multiple statements on a scare of 1 to 5
What are Likert/Likert-type Scales?
Requires less behavioral coding than direct observation or recording
What is Indirect Observations?
What is an unbiased sample?
Seeing if we have enough variation to see results
What is Restriction of Range?
Develop new methods and operational definitions to test the same relationship
Questions that may prompt participants to answer a certain way
What are Leading Questions?
Researchers treat participants differently when expecting different behaviors
What is Observer effects?
Sample drawn from proportional pools based on demographic categories
What is a Stratifies Sample?
Can allow us to eliminate some alternative explanations when we cant manipulate variables ourselves
Researchers who submit insignificant results are more likely to get rejected by journals
What is the File Drawer Problem?
Questions that address multiple opinions at once
What are Double-Barreled Questions?
Rationalization, socially desirable responding, response sets, memory errors
What are threats to Self-reports?
Convenience sampling, snowball sampling, purposive sampling
What are the types of non probability sampling techniques?
This type of correlation in a longitudinal design measures two variables at two different time points
What is Cross-lag Correlation?
Submitting measures and methods so that others can evaluate and use them
What is Open Materials?
Participants will come up with justifications for arbitrary choices
What is Rationalizing?
Time consuming, subject to observer bias and effects, reactive
What are cons of Observational Research?
Randomly selecting a set of preexisting groups, and then randomly selecting participants from those groups
What is Multistage sampling?
What is a Mediator?
Increasing ecological validity (leads to an increase in what)
How can you increase replicability and generalizability?