Cell Structure
What is the phospholipid bilayer made of？
The outer layer of the membrane is made up of phosphatidylcholine, whereas the inner layer is made up of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol. Each phosphoglyceride molecule consists of a small polar head-group and two long, hydrophobic (water-hating) chains.
The definition of drug
Drugs are compounds that interact with a biological system to produce a biological response.
What are some main molecular targets for drugs?
Proteins (enzymes, receptors, and transport proteins) and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
Please compare the strength of different intermolecular bonds (ionic, hydrogen, van der Waals, dipole-dipole, ion-dipole)
ionic>ion-dipole>hydrogen>dipole-dipole>van der Waals
What are four main ways in which drugs might be classified or grouped?
Drugs can be classified by their pharmacological effect, their chemical structure, their effect on a target system, or their effect on a target structure.
How are the two layers of phospholipids arranged in the cell membrane?
In the cell membrane, the two layers of phospholipids are arranged such that the hydrophobic tails point toward each other and form a fatty, hydrophobic centre, while the ionic head-groups are placed at the inner and outer surfaces of the cell membrane.
The drugs are classified as good or bag drug based on which several aspects?
Positive effect
Side-effect
Manufaturing process(easy or difficult)
Addictivity
Tolerance
What is binding site and its typical form?
A specific area of the macromolecule where this takes place. The common form is a hollow or canyon on the surface of the macromolecule allowing the drug to sink into the body of the larger molecule.
What does hydrogen bond take place between and some requirements for it to occur?
A hydrogen bond takes place between an electronic-rich heteroatom and an e-deficient H.
The electronic-rich heteroatom must have a pair of lone pair of e-.
How can drugs be classified according to their pharmacological effect?
By pharmacological effect, Drugs can be classified
depending on the biological or pharmacological effect that they have.
What is the function of the nucleus?
The nucleus acts as the ‘control centre’ for the cell. The nucleus contains the genetic code—the DNA—which acts as the blueprint for the construction of all the cell’s proteins.
What is the principle of drugs?
Selective toxiscity
Only target to problem cells
Despite the binding groups, what will also play an important role in binding the drug to its target and through which type of interaction?
Carbon Skeleton
Through van der Waals interactions
How does the electron density of the heteroatom affect its strength as a HBA?
As the e- density of the heteroatom, its strength as a HBA increases. Thus all the factors that affect e- density of the HBA will also affect the ability of HBA
By chemical structure, many drugs which have a common skeleton are grouped together. What are some examples of this?
penicillins, barbiturates, opiates, steroids, and catecholamines.
How does the type of amino acid affect the degree to which a protein is embedded in the cell membrane structure?
Portions of protein that are embedded in the cell membrane have a large number of hydrophobic amino acids, whereas those portions that stick out from the surface have a large number of hydrophilic amino acids.
What is therapeutic index?
The therapeutic index is a measure of a drug’s beneficial effect at a low dose versus its harmful effects at higher dose.
Please tell the difference between binding site, binding region and binding group.
The specific regions on the binding site where functional groups and carbon skeletons form intermolecular bonds with ‘visiting’ drugs are known as binding regions.
Functional groups present in the drug that form intermolecular bonds with the target binding site are binding groups.
How should the dipole moments be when dipole–dipole interactions are formed between a drug and a binding site?
The dipole moments should be parallel and in opposite-directions.
How can drugs be classified according to the target system?
By target system, drugs can be classified according to whether they affect a certain target system in the body.
What is glycoprotein？
Glycoprotein is a type of protein molecule that has had a carbohydrate attached to it.
What does a high TI represent?
A high therapeutic index indicates a large safety margin between beneficial and toxic doses.
What is pharmacodynamics?
The study of how drugs interact with their targets through binding interactions and produce a pharmacological effect.
What does it mean if the energy required to desolvate both the drug and the binding site is greater than the stabilization energy gained by the binding interactions?
The drug might be ineffective.
What are the names of clinically useful drugs?
Clinically useful drugs have a trade (or brand) name, as well as a recommended international non-proprietary name.