Chapter 1
What is the basic unit of life
Cell
What is mass number and how to calculate neurons
Mass number: sum of all protons and neutrons in atomic nucleus.
Neurons = mass number - atomic number
Is phospholipid head hydrophobic or hydrophilic with water
hydrophilic
Cell division occurs during:
M phase.
G1 phase.
S phase.
G2 phase.
M phase
G1 phase (1st gap) – cell performs normal daily metabolic activities
S phase (synthesis) – DNA synthesis (replication) occurs
G2 phase (2nd gap) – cellular growth
Organize the level of Structural Organization and Body Systems from smallest to largest
Tissue level, organ system, chemical level, organ system level, organism level, cellular level
Chemical level < Tissue level < Cellular level < Organ level < Organ system level < Organism level
4 major elements made up human body
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
lower, higher
Where is transcription occur?
Where is translation occur?
nucleus
ribosome
Name the similar organ that both endocrine system and digestive system have
Pancreas
Define covalent bonds, ionic bond
Ionic bond: metal + nonmetal => formation of ions (salt)
Covalent bond: >2 nonmetals share electrons, strongest bond
- Polar: nonmetals with different electronegativities share electrons unequally
- Non-polar: two nonmetals in molecule with similar or identical electronegativities pull
True or False: Secondary active transport involves the movement of a substance into a cell through a protein channel with its concentration gradient.
False
True or False: Metabolic processes either build up or break down substances
True
Define positive feedback loops and negative feedback loops, Give one example of each.
Negative: Oppose initial change in regulated variable
Ex: Temperature, Blood glucose, Blood pressure
Positive: effector activity increases and reinforces initial stimulus
Ex: Blood clotting(platelets -> release more platelets), Childbirth (oxytocin hormone)
Similarities and differences of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids
Similarities: composed of carbon and hydrogen, carboxyl group + hydrocarbon chain, lipid monomers
Differences:
Saturated: single bond between carbon atoms, solid at room temperature
Monounsaturated: one double bond between carbon atoms, liquid at room temp
Polyunsaturated: >2 double bonds between carbon atoms, liquid at room temp
Which phase of cell cycle have sister chromatids pulled toward opposite poles, 46 chromosomes/new daughter cell
Anaphase
Define molecule and compound
Molecule – formed by chemical bonding between two or more atoms.
Compound – formed when two or more atoms from different elements combine by chemical bonding.
Distinguish 3 types of serous membrane (Pleural membranes, Pericardial membranes, Peritoneal membranes)
Pleural: Outer parietal pleura, inner visceral pleura, pleural cavities (Place enclosed by pleural membranes), surround lungs
Pericardial: Outer parietal pericardium, inner visceral parietal pericardium, Pericardium cavity (Space enclosed by pericardial membranes), surround heart
Peritoneal: Outer parietal peritoneum, inner visceral peritoneum, Peritoneal cavity, surround some abdominal organs
What is the simplest and most complex sugar, why?
Simplest: sugar because its structure is a ring form
Most complex: glycogen because its structure is highly branched polymer with hundreds of monosaccharide subunits
Describe events occur in transcription.
Initiation: Transcription factors bind to promoter near the gene, RNA polymerase binds to promoter as well to unwind DNA
Elongation: RNA polymerase build a complementary mRNA transcript with free nucleotides
Termination: Transcription ends when the end of the gene is reached, and the mRNA transcript is released.
What are the two major methods by which cells communicate to coordinate their functions?
chemical messengers and/or electrical signals