Main Idea
Main idea of paragraph 1
The criteria in defining the distinction between town and village has been changed.
Para.3: sentence analysis
这些显著特征随后得到了社会和文化指标的强化,例如：更复杂的政府形式、可识别精英的分层社会的存在、律师或学校教师等专业人士，以及宗教团体和教育机构的存在。
Paragraph 3: application of vocabulary
1. hinterland
2. distinguishing, stratified, identifiable
explain question 4
need to point the sentence: without the money and demographic momentum generated by economic
activity, towns are not selected as the location for ....
main idea of para. 2
Early modern towns were multifunctional and economic function is the foundation upon which all
others are constructed except the newly established military towns.
如果没有经济活动带来的资金和人口聚集效应，这些城镇就无法被选为行政中心、法院、首都、大学等重要场所。
Paragraph 1: application of vocabulary
1. fortification, distinction
2. distinguish
Explain question 8
Gangi lay on the old Roman road between Palermo and Messina and was an important center for the export of livestock and wine. Venice's strategic location at the head of the Adriatic Sea enabled it to link the eastern and western Mediterranean with the producers and consumers of central Europe. It was also a center of exchange for goods emanating from northern Italy. Each town had its important public buildings and churches, a central square, and large house belonging to an elite. Each had its cultural identity. Comparisons of similar kind could be made from any region of Europe.
main idea of paragraph 4
the differences and similarities between two urban centers: Venice and the Sicilian town of Gangi
differences:
G: small population, agricultural,
V: large population, international trading center
similarity: centers of exchange, which linked their rural hinterlands to long-distance trading networks.
Paragraph 4: sentence analysis
考虑意大利的两个城市中心：威尼斯和西西里岛的Gangi镇，这两个城市虽然不完全在城市范围的对立端，但通常被认为属于完全不同的领域。
Paragraph 4: application of vocabulary
1. spectrum
2. inhabitants
3. pilgrim , hospitality
4. emanate
Explain question 7
Need to point the sentence: Two-thirds of its inhabitants were engaged in agriculture. The others were artisans, shop keepers, merchants, servants, rentiers (people whose earnings are derived from rent on properties), and members of religious orders. At the height of its prosperity at the end of the sixteenth century. on the other hand. Venice had a population of 190,000. It was a major international trading center, supported by a substantial industrial sector, and was the capital of an extensive maritime and land-based empire. It had a significant number of merchants, renters, and professionals among its permanent population. As a point of departure for pilgrims and a point of arrival for tourists, it also functioned as a center of hospitality. Servants and others engaged in the business of food, drink, and hotels swelled the already large numbers who worked in the households of the permanent residents.
Gangi lay on the old Roman road between Palermo and Messina and was an important center for the export of livestock and wine. Venice's strategic location at the head of the Adriatic Sea enabled it to link the eastern and western Mediterranean with the producers and consumers of central Europe. It was also a center of exchange for goods emanating from northern Italy. Each town had its important public buildings and churches, a central square, and large house belonging to an elite. Each had its cultural identity. Comparisons of similar kind could be made from any region of Europe.
Explain question 10
A : paragraph 2,3
B: paragraph 2 Without the money and demographic momentum generated by economic activity, towns were not selected as the location for administrative centers, law courts, capital cities, colleges and universities. Cathedrals, or the sites for religious orders.
C：paragraph 4 As a point of departure for pilgrims and a point of arrival for tourists, it also functioned as a center of hospitality. 没有提到hospitality 的重要性
D 逻辑不对
E paragraph 3
F paragraph 4
Both functioned above all as centers of exchange, which linked their rural hinterlands to long-distance trading networks. Gangi lay on the old Roman road between Palermo and Messina and was an important center for the export of livestock and wine. Venice's strategic location at the head of the Adriatic Sea enabled it to link the eastern and western Mediterranean with the producers and consumers of central Europe. It was also a center of exchange for goods emanating from northern Italy. Each town had its important public buildings and churches, a central square, and large house belonging to an elite. Each had its cultural identity. Comparisons of similar kind could be made from any region of Europe.
Explain question 9
for example 说明前面有陈述相关的观点