Metabolism
Define Metabolism
is the combination of all the chemical reactions within an organism
An enzyme is a type of _____
- carbohydrate
- lipid
- protein
- DNA molecule
protein! (usually ends in -ase)
define cellular respiration. is it endergonic/exergonic?
the process by which the energy within glucose
molecules is converted to energy that the cell can use (ATP)
Breaking the bonds of glucose is an exergonic reaction, releasing energy that is ultimately captured within ATP molecules
by NADH and FADH2- electron transport molecules!
explain the major products vs reactants of photosynthesis
C02+ H2O -> glucose + O2
An exergonic rxn ______ energy, and an endergonic rxn ______ energy
reactions that
release net energy / require net energy (to convert reactants into products)
I am creating a glucose polymer from glucose monomers. Would that be a catabolic or anabolic rxn and would it be ender or exergonic?
endergonic and anabolic!
what are the major inputs and outputs of cellular respiration
glucose + O2 -----> CO2 + H2O + ATP
How does ATP synthase function?
H+ ions diffuse through ATP synthase through the membrane. ATP Synthase spins which adds a phosphate group to ADP to make ATP
which wavelengths are used to energize chlorophyll?
400-450nm and 650-670nm range.
How does ATP affect proteins?
The addition of the high-energy, negatively charged
phosphate results in a conformational change in the
protein. This protein is considered active, and it can do its job. Removal of the phosphate will return the protein to its inactive form.
Enzymes bind to their substrates through _____. An enzyme that is binding its substrate(s) is called an ______ .
active sites/enzyme-substrate complex?
What are NADH and FADH2? What is NAD+ compared to NADH?
Electron carriers! NAD+ is the oxidized form (no electrons) where NADH is the reduced form (carries electrons)
When the 2 pyruvates are oxidized, what molecule do they become?
Acetyl-CoA
Major goal of light rxns
use light energy to capture
electrons and build up ATP (occurs in thylakoids)
Where is the energy stored in an ATP molecule? (and what type of energy is stored)
The energy is stored in the bond between the last 2 phosphate groups. it takes energy to add that third phosphate and the bond that’s holding it contains a lot of potential energy.
Explain the difference between competitive and non-competitive inhibition
Competitive inhibition- a molecule blocks the active site so the substrate cannot bind.
Non-competitive inhibition- a molecule binds a separate site on the enzyme, causing it to change shape and be unable to bind the substrate
Name where glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation occur in the cell.
- cytoplasm
- mitochondrial matrix
- mitochondrial membrane
What type of respiration happens with no oxygen and what does it produce?
fermentation! it produces lactic acid or ethyl alcohol
use ATP to build glucose (also called the Calvin Cycle), occurs in the stroma.
What is the difference between catabolic and anabolic rxns? (which is ender and which is exergonic?)
Catabolic reactions- those that break molecule (usually exergonic, releases net energy)
Anabolic reactions- those build molecules (usually endergonic, requires energy)
Enzymes _____ the activation energy for the rxn. How does this happen?
LOWER/ Enzymes lower the activation energy by physically re-positioning the substrate(s) in a way that facilitates the reaction.
What are the two phases of glycolysis and what takes place in both stages?
Energy investment: 2 ATP are required to break glucose and attach phosphates to the resulting 3 carbon G3P molecules
Energy payoff: 4 ATP are produced when converting
G3P to pyruvate, another 3-carbon molecule
What does oxidative phosphorylation rely on and how does it work?
the electron transport chain!
Electrons carried by NADH and FADH are passed to complexes I and II of the ETC respectively.These electrons are then passed down through each protein complex, before ultimately getting captured by oxygen (which quickly picks up 2 hydrogens to become water).
This provides energy to pump H+ into the intermembrane space
Describe the difference between C3, C4, and CAM plants. and provide examples
C3 plants perform standard photosynthesis
C4 plants can avoid photorespiration even when stomata are closed. One cell type (mesophyll cell) stores CO2 in a 4-carbon molecule. CO2 is then released from that molecule and transported to another cell type (bundle sheath cell)
CAM plants only open stomata at night! Carbon from CO2 is stored as a 4-carbon molecule until daytime. They only perform the Calvin Cycle during the day when stomata are closed.