Cell Biology
What are the three main parts found in most cells?
cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus
What system was proposed by Carolus Linnaeus in 1753 to provide a universal way of naming species using two words, often in Latin, with the first word capitalized and the second in lowercase?
Binomial nomenclature
What environmental consequences are associated with oil spills, and how do they affect ecosystems and biodiversity?
soil erosion, water and air pollution, reduced gas exchange for fish, and the inability of birds to fly, leading to a decrease in biodiversity
What are the four main stages of the digestive process, and where does each stage occur in the body?
ingestion (in the mouth), digestion (mechanical and chemical in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine), absorption (in the small intestine), and elimination
Which enzyme, found in the mouth, breaks down starch into maltose?
Salivary amylase
Which organelle consists of two subunits, a large subunit and a small subunit, and is responsible for synthesizing proteins?
ribosomes
In an ecological food chain, what term is used to describe animals that eat other animals, and how is the majority of energy lost as it passes through the food chain?
carnivores, and about 90% of energy is lost to the environment
What are the primary causes of deforestation, and how does it affect soil and the environment?
converting forests to farmlands, constructing buildings and roads, and it leads to soil erosion and the process of desertification
Which type of plants has specialized organs for capturing insects, and what enzyme do they secrete to digest small insects or spiders?
plants growing in nutrient-poor soils, and they secrete enzymes, such as the Venus flytrap secreting enzymes to digest small insects
Where does absorption primarily take place in the digestive system?
small intestine
This organelle is a network of membranous tubules and sacs covered with ribosomes, and it is involved in synthesizing and transporting proteins.
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
What term describes the cyclic processes in which materials used by organisms are transformed, changed, and returned to the ecosystem, and name one of the essential biogeochemical cycles
biogeochemical cycles, and one example is the carbon cycle
What are the sources of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the environment, and what environmental and health problems can it cause?
burning coal, producing harmful SO2, which dissolves in rainwater to create acid rain, harming trees, animals, and causing air pollution
What is the primary challenge in digesting and absorbing fats, and how does bile aid in this process?
insolubility of fats in water, forming large fat globules, and bile breaking up large fat droplets into smaller droplets through emulsification
How is a population growth curve typically described, and what are the two main types of population growth curves?
A population growth curve is typically described as a line graph showing changes in population size over time. There are two main types: exponential growth (J-shaped) and sigmoid growth (S-shaped).
This organelle consists of a stack of flattened sacs called cisternae and is involved in modifying and packaging materials.
Golgi body
what processes are involved in the nitrogen cycle?
fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, and denitrification
How do pesticides impact biodiversity, and what are the potential health effects on humans caused by pesticide exposure?
destruction of essential species, such as pollinators, leading to lower plant reproduction, and potential health effects on humans like headaches, skin irritation, and even death
What factors can affect enzyme activity, and what is the specific term for the site on an enzyme where it binds to its substrate?
temperature and pH (affecting enzyme activity), and the active site (where the enzyme binds to the substrate)
What is the ozone hole, where is it primarily found, and why is it a cause for concern?
The ozone hole is found over the Antarctic, and it is a concern because it allows harmful ultraviolet radiation to enter the Earth, which can have negative consequences.
If the length of a scale bar on a micrograph is 17 mm, and it represents 10 times the actual size, what is the magnification?
x1700
if the carbon cycle is disrupted, what potential consequences might it have on the environment?
increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), leading to global warming and climate change.
Explain the greenhouse effect, its causes, and the potential consequences on the Earth's climate and ecosystems.
trapping of solar energy by greenhouse gases (water vapor, CO2, NO, CH4), leading to rising temperatures, changes in rainfall patterns, sea level rise, and impacts on plants, wildlife, and humans
Name an enzyme, specify where it acts in the digestive system, and identify the organ that produces it.
Salivary amylase (mouth, produced by the salivary glands), Pepsin (stomach, produced by the stomach), Trypsin (small intestine, produced by the pancreas), Pancreatic amylase (small intestine, produced by the pancreas), Lipase (small intestine, produced by the pancreas), Maltase (small intestine), and Peptidase (small intestine)
How does continuous soil erosion contribute to desertification, and what are the consequences of desertification?
Continuous soil erosion leads to desertification, which results in the loss of water, minerals, and living organisms, impacting ecosystems and habitats.