Situated Cognition
If attempting to promote situated cognition in group learning, teachers should do which of the following?
a. Provide support for students to explore concepts.
b. Change the level of support over the course of the lesson.
c. Create learning situations that are close to real-world circumstances.
d. Create learning situations for individual work and reflection.
C is correct. Situations that are similar to real-life scenarios are more likely to transfer because knowledge is connected to the context in which the knowledge developed.
Which of the following would NOT be considered a cognitive artifact?
a. an abacus
b. a string tied around one's finger
c. a sticky note to self
d. a car tire
d is correct. cognitive artifacts are human made devices that help to offload cognitive processes. For item b- by tying the string, the person has changed its appearance in some way (a new representation) with the intention to offload info they're trying not to forget. Augmenting intelligence.
What is the definition of embodied cognition?
a) The ability to reflect on one’s own performance
b) Our thinking affects our bodies and our bodies affect our thinking
c) Thinking is distributed across tools and people
d) Knowledge is situated within authentic activity, context, and culture
b is correct.
Which of the following activities would best encourage metacognition in students?
a. Writing an essay about last year’s vacation
b. Solving word problems in math
c. Evaluating one’s own strategy for taking notes
d. Reading a novel about a historic event
C. Metacognition refers to knowing about knowing. It involves self-awareness and self-reflection. Remember the types of metacognitive knowledge- Person, task, strategy
Cat, Dog, Hat, Goat, Boat, Boy, Girl, Plane, Sun, Moon. According to the serial position effect, a student displaying primacy will most likely remember which of the following words from this list?
a. Cat
b. Goat
c. Girl
d. Moon
A. A person displaying primacy will tend to remember things that occur at the beginning of the list.
All of these are examples of situated cognition EXCEPT:
a. an internship
b. traveling to another country to learn a language
c. a calculator
d. Doing a lab for Biology
c is correct. a calculator is a cognitive artifact (distributed cognition). The other three demonstrated how leaning takes place and needs to be understood within a context
Glancing at the map and seeing the Parking is represented with "P" is an example of
a. the perceptual principle
b. the naturalness principle
c. an affordance
d. metacognitive knowledge
b is correct. the goal of the naturalness principle is to –increase the mapping or symbols between the real thing and the representation. This principle is used to increase the effectiveness of cognitive artifacts by making them easier to interpret. The perceptual principle, which is also relevant to cognitive artifacts, is the use of spatial or perceptual representation rather than written descriptions.
When children performed Piaget's conservation penny task, researcher Susan Goldin-Meadow found that:
a. students who used gestures that didn't align with their verbal explanations were more ready to learn than those who did not use gesture
b. students who used gestures that didn't align with their verbal explanations were less ready to learn than those who did not use gesture
c. Gestures were not related to how the child participants' minds were working
d. Gestures were only related to communication
a is correct. Students’ gestures may give insight into what they are prepared to learn.
Walter Michel's original 1972 Marshmallow experiment:
a) demonstrated that children who waited 15 minutes for a second marshmallow were more successful at other self-regulation tasks later in life
b) demonstrated that children who waited 15 minutes for a second marshmallow were NOT more successful at other self-regulation tasks later in life
c) demonstrated that children with a higher family income were more successful at waiting 15 minutes for a second marshmallow
d) demonstrated that children with who were more trusting of adults were more successful at waiting 15 minutes for a second marshmallow
a is correct. The key word here is "original" study Walter Michel and others re-did portions of the study to control for other variables like those in answers c/d. However, in the original study, waiting for a second marshmallow predicted a child's ability to self-regulate which was associated with future outcomes like better SAT score, total years of education, less drug use, etc.
Which of the following scenarios best depicts elaboration?
a. Juan memorized a list of spelling words for an upcoming test.
b. Kate and Sue brainstormed ideas for a project they were planning for class.
c. Taylor practiced writing the alphabet.
d. When his class studied primates, John recalled the monkeys he saw at the zoo earlier that year.
D. By adding his own personal experience, John elaborated on information presented during class.
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies situated cognition?
a. Students read a textbook on the history of ancient civilizations.
b. The teacher organizes a field trip to an archaeological site where students actively participate in an excavation and learn about ancient civilizations on-site.
c. Students are given a take-home assignment to create a poster about the lifestyle of ancient civilizations.
d. The teacher assigns students to watch a documentary about ancient civilizations and write a reflection paper.
B. Learning about specific content in context
Which is NOT true of affordances in design:
a. Effective affordances in a door's design means that there is minimal thinking required by the user about whether to push or pull
b. affordances prevent us from using tools or appliances incorrectly
c. an example affordance might be an arrow on top of a USB that points to which side it should enter the computer
d. affordances are clues about how to use a tool or appliance
b. is correct. B refers to a constraint in design. Affordances and constraints often go hand in hand in. For example, a slot only big enough for a coin gives clues for what should go in the slot and also what shouldn't go in the slot.
"My income rose last year" and "the stock market fell" are examples of all of the following EXCEPT:
a. Metaphors or figures of speech
b. How language reflects how our bodies move
c. Kinesthetic learning
d. Evidence of how our language considers our physical relationship with the world
c. Lakoff and Johnson argue that our language connects to embodied cognition in that happy/healthy is up and sad/unconscious/unhealthy is down.
Which is an example of self-regulation and NOT simply metacognition:
a) Thinking about if the project is relevant to my interests before I begin
b) Creating flash cards that I think will help me to study for the exam
c) Asking myself, "what do I need to study more?"
d) Thinking about my time management strategies before I study
b is the correct answer. Self-regulation is an active process that involves, intention to act, or carrying out the practices that we think about. Examples of self-regulation activities may include writing down goals, assessing our learning through a self-quiz, controlling our attention. All the other options involve metacognition only.
Which of these are high utility study strategies?
a. practice testing & highlighting
b. practice testing & distributed practice
c. elaboration & rereading
d. distributed practice & self-explanation
b. practice testing and distributed practice (spacing studying into increments over the course of several days or weeks) are high utility study strategies. Utility refers to usefulness across a many domains of learnings
Which is true of legitimate peripheral participation?
a. newcomers begin the high-risk activities immediately
b. newcomers begin the high-risk activities immediately with the support of an old-timer
c. newcomers begin the low-risk activities immediately with the support of an old-timer
d. newcomers do not engage in any activities immediately, but only listen to old-timers' verbal instructions
c is correct. Newcomers first engage in low-risk, but productive, activities (i.e., on the periphery) BEFORE they build familiarity with a task through working with oldtimers and move on to high-risk tasks
Sarah thinks her statistics class would benefit from having all the formulas written on a handout, and Rod thinks that his statistics class would learn better by doing a project where students use statistics to analyze data from a psychology study. Sarah is looking at improving her class using __________ and Ron is looking at improving his using _____________.
a. situated cognition; distributed cognition
b. distributed cognition; situated cognition
c. metacognition; embodied cognition
d. embodied cognition; metacognition
b. is correct. Sarah's formula sheet would be a cognitive artifact. Distributed cognition refers to how knowledge is distributed across people and tools. Ron wants his class to do an authentic activity. Situated cognition refers to how knowledge is situated within authentic activity, or context.
Examples of ways our bodies affect our minds from the NY Times article by Natalie Angier did NOT include:
a. Participants were more likely to ask for an antiseptic cloth when thinking of a moral transgression
b. When holding warm coffee, participants were more apt to think other people were warm and friendly
c. When holding a balloon string, participants rated other people more childish
d. Considering a memory when they felt snubbed or accepted, those who thought about being snubbed estimated that the room temperature was about 5 degrees colder
C. was made up and not in the Angier article, 'Abstract Thoughts? The Body Takes them Literally'
Which of the following represent metacognitive strategy knowledge?
a. Knowing it is helpful to cross off the obviously wrong answers on the multiple choice question
b. Knowing word problems in math are your strength
c. Knowing the difficulty level of the exam
d. Knowing if the assignment is short answer or multiple choice quiz
a is correct. strategy knowledge is awareness of the strategies that we can use to improve our learning as well as when and why to apply these strategies. B is person knowledge, C/D are task knowledge examples.
True or False, According to Tesia Marshik's Study of Learning Styles:
Participants who prefer auditory learning will perform better when they hear a list of words during a memory task, than when they read the list of words
False: participants who prefer auditory learning performed the same when they heard a list of words as when they read them during a memory task
Leaning by hearing, reading, or moving depends more on the content of what you're learning (e.g., listening to music if you're leaning about music composition). Learning styles are not research supported.
According to Wegner, a community of practice has all these components EXCEPT:
a. A shared domain of interest
b. A focus on relationships for learning
c. Development of shared resources
d. Informal processes and leadership
d. There are many informal and formal communities of practice a, b, c, are all characteristics in Wegner's article.
Cognitive scientist Edwin Hutchins studied distributed cognition within the context of:
a. US Navy ships
b. math learning in classrooms
c. the internet and "collaborative tagging"
d. power posing
a is correct. (you won't be asked a history question like this on the exam)
A study involving gestures and geometry that was performed at UW Madison in 2016, showed that
a. students who made small relevant gestures when solving a math question were more likely to be correct
b. students who made large relevant gestures when solving a math question were more likely to be correct
c. students who made any relevant gestures, regardless of size, were more likely to be correct on a math question
d. there were no differences math question accuracy between students who used relevant and irrelevant gestures
c is correct. Regardless of whether the gestures were large or small, relevant gestures seemed to facilitate the understanding or learning of concepts
What are the three types of metacognitive knowledge:
a. planning, monitoring, evaluating
b. actions, motivations, thoughts
c. person, task, strategy
d. proactive, retroactive, active
c is correct. the 3 types of metacognitive knowledge are:
Person-understanding your own capabilities, Task- perception of difficulty and relevance, Strategy- identifying and using effective methods
option A refers to specific cognitive strategies for categories, before, during and after activities.
The Dual-Store Memory model includes three separate memory components that work in a linear fashion. What is the correct order of the three parts?
a. working memory -> long term memory -> sensory register
b. sensory register -> long term memory -> working memory
c. sensory register -> encoding ->long term memory
d. sensory register -> working memory -> long term memory
d is correct.
1) Sensory Register is the first and most immediate form of memory that takes in sensory information (sight, sound, texture, etc.) through your senses and holds incoming information long enough for very preliminary cognitive processing 2) Working Memory- This where cognitive processing takes place (a.k.a. short-term memory) You have the choice to rehearse-Maintenance rehearsal is a type of memory process which involves continuously repeating, verbally or mentally, the to-be-remembered material, without making connections to other information yet. 3) Long Term memory- the final stage includes the encoding of information or making those connections with prior knowledge or giving the information meaning.