Heart
What is the covering(bag) of the heart called?
pericardial sac
name and describe the types of capillaries
continuous - tight barrier, limited exchange
fenestrated - have pores
sinusoid- very leaky
In order, write the digestive tract route
•Oral cavity, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine
Whats is the difference between the left and right lung
right lung has three lobes
Whats the function of plicae circulares
increase surface area
whats the difference between pulmonary and systemic circuit?
Pulmonary: to the lungs
Systemic: to the body
Name the layers of blood vessels
tunica externa
tunica media
tunica intima
What is the difference between peristalsis and segmentation
peristalsis: a series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract
segmentation: a muscular activity that divides and mixes the chyme
Whats the difference between the conducting and respiratory zone
respiratory zone is where gas exchange is occuring
List all the mesenteries and what they support
Greater Omentum- small intestines
Lesser Omentum- stomach
Mesentery Proper- small intestine
Mesocolon- large intestine
Falciform ligament- liver
What makes the “Lub-dup” sound?
First sound “lub” – AV valve shutting
Second sound “dup” – semilunar valve shutting
name the different types of blood vessels
•Arteries
•Arterioles
•Capillaries
•Venules
•Veins
3 layers of smooth muscle in the stomach
inner oblique layer
Middle circular layer
Outer longitudinal layer
What muscle controls breathing
diaphragm
What cut blood supply to caplilary beds?
precapillary sphincters
Explain the conducting system
The sino-atrial (SA) node ->The atrio-ventricular (AV) node->The bundle of His ->The left and right bundle branches ->The Purkinje fibres
What is especially important in increasing venous return to the heart?
skeletal muscle pump
what are the five types of secretory cells in the stomach and what do they secrete
Surface mucous cell: alkaline fluid containing mucin
Mucous neck cell: acid fluid containing mucin
Parietal cell: intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid
chief cell: pepsinogen, gastric lipase
enteroendocrine cell: gastrin into the blood
list the route air takes (starting at the nose) to the alveolus for gas exchange (12-14 steps)
External nares
Nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Main bronchus
Lobar bronchus
Segmental bronchus
bronchiole
Terminal bronchiole
Respiratory Bronchiole
Alveolus
What is respiratory epithelium?
pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
Explain blood flow (include names of everything)
•IVC/SVC to the RA to the TV to the RV to the PSV to the PA to the Lungs to the PV to the LA to the BV to the LV to the ASV to the Aorta to the to the rest of the body to the capillaries to veins to the IVC/SVC
What are Vasa vasorum? Why are they needed? What type of vessel are they associated with? List an example
Small blood vessels that supply the walls of larger arteries and veins to deliver nutrients and oxygen and to remove “waste” products. In thick walled arteries and veins
example Femoral artery, aorta, vena cava,
Name the different parts/ layers of mucosa and the GENERAL HISTOLOGY of mucosa
Mucosa
Simple columnar epithelium
Lamina propria (areolar connective tissue)
Muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle)
name and list the function of the three main cells active in the lungs
pneumocyte(alveolar) type 1 simple squamous cells for gas exchange
Alveolar macrophages- dust cells- eat anything down there
Alveolar type 2- secrete a little more(cuboidal)- create surfactant (surfactant-detergent like fluid)- keep the walls from sticking together
DAILY DOUBLE!!!
Name two types of Islets of Langerhan’s lol
–Alpha cells-glucagon-raises blood sugar
–Beta cells-insulin-pull sugar out of blood