Epidemiology Basics
This term describes the proportion of individuals in a population who are free of a specific disease and then develop that disease over a certain period of time
What is incidence proportion (or cumulative incidence)?
This type of study follows a group of people over time to see who develops the outcome of interest
What is a cohort study?
This statistical measure is the average value of a set of numbers
What is the mean?
This measure compares the risk of a health event among exposed individuals to the risk among unexposed individuals
What is relative risk?
This level of prevention aims to reduce the impact of an already established disease by minimizing disease-related complications
What is tertiary prevention?
This measure reflects the number of existing cases of a disease or health condition in a population at a specific time
What is prevalence?
This is the gold standard of clinical research, minimizing bias by randomly assigning participants to groups
What is a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?
This is the middle value in a list of numbers
What is the median?
This measure is used to determine how much a factor reduces the risk of a negative health outcome
What is risk reduction?
This type of immunity is achieved when a large portion of a community becomes immune to a disease, thus providing a degree of protection for individuals who are not immune
What is herd immunity?
This type of study involves the comparison of individuals with a disease to those without the disease
What is a case-control study?
This type of study design is used when ethical considerations prevent random assignment to treatment and control groups
What is an observational study?
This statistical concept is the likelihood that a study finding is due to chance
What is a p-value?
This measure is the difference in risk between exposed and unexposed groups
What is attributable risk?
This international health agency is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health
What is the World Health Organization (WHO)?
This term describes a factor that independently changes the effect of an exposure on an outcome
What is a confounder?
A study that examines data collected for another purpose but applies new questions or hypotheses
What is a secondary data analysis?
This type of error occurs when a true null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected
What is a Type I error?
This measure is used to determine the proportion of disease risk in a population that can be attributed to a specific exposure
What is population attributable risk?
This term refers to a set of interventions intended to prevent the occurrence of disease or injury
What is primary prevention?
This measure is used to assess the strength of the relationship between risk factors and outcomes
What is relative risk?
This type of study involves intensive examination of a single individual or group
What is a case study?
This statistical test is used to compare the means of two independent groups
What is a t-test?
This measure is used to assess the reliability of a positive diagnostic test
What is positive predictive value?
This approach in public health focuses on modifying economic, political, and environmental factors to improve health
What is the social determinants of health approach?