Utopia
Who first coined the term utopia?
Sir Thomas More's book, Utopia (1516), which describes a fictional island society in the New World.
What is a company town?
A community that is dependent on one firm for all or most of the necessary services or functions of town life (such as employment, housing, and stores) / a place where practically all stores and housing are owned by the one company that is also the main employer.
People start moving into cities in a process called___________.
Urbanization
Name the founder of the Garden City Movement.
Ebenezer Howard, an urban planner (1850-1928)
He wrote “What Is a City?” in which he argued that cities should primarily be considered as social institutions rather than physical artefacts.
Lewis Mumford (1895-1900), a lifelong opponent of large-scale public works, much of his writings concern the effect of buildings on the human condition and the environment.
Why can't utopias exist?
Perfection is impossible / because everybody has different ideas in which they believe.
Name 2 problems with company towns.
1) In some cases, companies paid employees with a scrip that was only good at company stores.
2) Without external competition, housing costs and groceries in company towns could become exorbitant.
3) Often, the workers built up large debts that they were required to pay off before leaving.
A production method in which workers repeatedly perform the same task in the manufacturing process.
Assembly line
What is the theory behind the Garden City Movement?
Town + Country = An alternative for the working class vs. working on farms or in 'crowded, unhealthy cities'.
What were Robert and Helen Lynd trying to study in their study?
The social effects of rapid industrialization and urbanization / the most rapid social changes in history.
What was the utopian movement (in the 1800's in United States of America)?
Name 2 benefits of company towns.
These towns provided 1) housing, 2) food, 3) luxuries, and 4) a place to work for their employees.
In the Second Industrial Revolution, __1__ replaced coal (transportation source) and __2__ replaced steam (energy source).
1) Oil/Gasoline (Internal Combustion)
2) Electricity
What was the aim of the Garden City movement?
The main goal of the Garden City movement was to improve social equality through land reform.
A restrictive covenant, also known as a non-compete agreement, is a restriction, limitation, or stipulation on the use of land.
Who founded New Harmony in 1825?
In 1825 Robert Owen (1771-1858), a Welsh manufacturer, social reformer, and philanthropist, and William Maclure (1763-1840), a Scottish philanthropist, purchased the entire town of Harmonie, which Owen renamed New Harmony, and where they founded a new social order.
Name the most (in)famous company town in the United States.
One of the largest, and most substantial early company towns in the United States was Pullman, developed in the 1880s just outside the Chicago city limits.
Eventually, the people start to organize themselves and formed socialist political parties and unions to improve working conditions. One of these ideas was based off____________, or the idea of “equality for all people.”
Socialism
What is considered the most disastrous event in Garden City’s early history?
The Cheap Cottage exposition of 1905
Name 1 revolutionary idea that Patrick Geddes (1854-1932) proposed in the early 1900s?
1) 'Conservative surgery' vs. the gridiron plan, 2) The 'observational technique', 3) The 'civic survey', 4) The regional plan.
Name 3 ways in which Robert Owen improved the lives of his workers.
As a factory manager, Owen required 1) fewer hours of his workers, 2) paid higher wages, and 3) focused on creating a work environment that was encouraging of collaboration and creativity in order to enhance productivity (no child labor / primary education; leisure activities).
Name the first company town in the United States.
The first truly planned company town was Lowell, Massachusetts. In the early 19th century, Francis Cabot Lowell, a merchant from Boston, visited factories in England to try to memorize and (illegally) bring back to the United States the technology he saw there.
This design was very much ahead of its time. It showed plans for a general-purpose computer. Due to cost, it was never built.
Identify the 1) Inventor and 2) Invention
1) Charles Babbage
2) Analytical engine (1822)
Name the term used to describe the legacy of the Garden City Movement today?
Suburb (Sub-urban)
Name the person that was the driving force behind passage of the 1937 Wagner-Steagall Housing Act, which established public housing in America.
Catherine Bauer; The new law established the United States Housing Authority (USHA) that provided $500 million in loans for low-cost housing projects across the country to improve the living conditions of low-income families.