Pitch Perception
The frequency following response encodes a faithful representation of the frequency of a sound and can be recorded in this brain area
brainstem
This rhythmic term means "not evenly spaced in time"
non-isochronous
This crossmodal auditory illusion, generally illustrated mismatched audio and video of a person speaking, is a classic example of auditory input being modified (or even overridden) by visual input.
McGurk Effect
This test, first used by Krumhansl, is used to determine how well a pitch fits within the music's tonal context
A study by Mehr, Song & Spelke (2016) familiarized infants to a new song via a toy, a new person over zoom, or a parent at home. They then determined that infants preferred listening to the song sung to them by their parents using this common method for infant research.
infant head turn procedure
This relationship describes the perceived categorical similarity of frequencies that are a specific distance apart
octave equivalence
This type of rhythm occurs when phenomenal accents do not align with the beats of a meter
syncopation
A performer practicing in their mind on the way to a gig is an example of this phenomenon
voluntary musical imagery
This type of research is used to counteract the oversampling of WEIRD populations
cross-cultural
A study by Grahn & Brett (2007) used this neuroimaging technique to determine which specific parts of the brain respond to rhythms during passive listening
fMRI
This type of auditory processing might occur when a melody made up of alternating high and low pitches is sped up
stream segregation
Performances that lack this feature may sound mechanical
expressive microtiming
Laboratory induced INMI often involve tasks meant to induce this state, as we did with the “follow the dot” video in lecture
low attentional state
This kind of cadence occurs when the final chord is something unexpected
deceptive cadence
A study by Cirelli, Einarson & Trainor (2014) manipulates the effect of this variable on an infant’s helping behavior (picking up a dropped clothespin)
synchrony
This term describes the organization of the auditory system such that sounds with similar frequencies are represented by neighboring regions of the brain/auditory system
tonotopic
Performing better on a task that coincides with the beat could be evidence for this theory about rhythmic entrainment
dynamic attending
When songs get "stuck in our heads," they tend to be faithful to the original song in terms of these two basic auditory features
pitch and rhythm
5-11 month old infants are most sensitive to this feature of the melody
melodic contour
A study by Cirelli, Jurewicz & Trehub, (2019) used this physiological variable to measure arousal in infant/mother pairs, finding that arousal decreased during lullabies and remained stable during playsongs
skin conductance
Frequency is encoded at a low level in the brain by this type of synchronized behavior of neurons
phase-locking
Rhythms tend to converge on this type of ratio
simple integer ratio
We use crossmodal conceptual metaphors to describe things such as timbre and pitch, and these mappings may be informed by our experiences with sound production in the world. For example, low pitches are often associated with these qualities (name 3)
Large size, slow pace, aggressiveness/dominance, low vertical position, negative valence
As we listen to music, the veridical sounds are compared with our expectations acquired through this type of learning. If the expectations are violated it may trigger an affective response
statistical learning
A study by Kragness et al. (2022) found that 3-6 year olds moved more to high groove music than low groove music. This study was conducted at home instead of in a lab in order to increase this measure of a study’s generalizability to “real life.”
ecological validity