Balkans Linguistic Structures
The linguistic phenomenon that occurred as people spoke different languages in the Balkans
What is the mixing of grammar and lexico-cultural borrowings?
The Millet System
What is the system of organizing religious and ethnic communities within the Ottoman empire for different religious communities to govern their own internal affairs?
The geopolitical importance Balkans hold due to its location between Europe, Asia, and Africa
What is its strategic location providing both land and sea access?
One of the primary religions practiced in the Ottoman Empire
What is Islam, Orthodox Christianity, Judaism, or Catholicism?
The political system commonly adopted by the post-Berlin Balkan states
What is a constitutional monarchy with Western-leaning constitutions?
The definition of mutual intelligibility
What is the ability of speakers to understand each other and its dependence on factors like relationships and willingness to determine if two languages are separate or dialects?
Included Sunni Muslims and was led by the Sultan
What is the Muslim Millet?
The geographical feature in the Balkans that led to a split between a Mediterranean climate on the coasts and a dryer, continental climate inland
what are the The Dinaric Alps?
The primary religion of the Ottoman Muslim Millet
What is Islam?
Often the rulers of the post-Berlin Balkan states
Who were foreign rulers, and why were they imposed by the Great Powers to prevent alliances with Russia?
This makes the maps of the Balkan region controversial and contributes to controversy
What is the recognition or non-recognition of states, as some countries don't recognize others?
The functions of the millet system
what is religious autonomy, legal autonomy, administrative independence, cultural autonomy, and social order through separate laws, courts, and leaders for each religious community?
The impact of the seaports being controlled by foreign states on the economy
What is it led to a reliance on agriculture as foreign control blocked native access to ports?
This term refers to a group of people who possess a myth of common ancestry, shared history, and a sense of solidarity
What is an ethnic group?
This posed a challenge to the support for constitutions in the Balkan states
What is the predominance of a mostly Orthodox Christian rural majority with traditional distrust of urban centers?
How linguistic facts in the Balkans debunk language myths
What is all languages can express the same meanings, and language changes are natural and inevitable?
The community that had its own autonomy and was represented by the Patriarch of Constantinople
What is the Orthodox Christian Millet?
This led to the competition for resources in the Balkans
What is the presence of mountains creating distinct regions with different resources and needs?
According to Schermerhorn, a necessary accompaniment for an ethnic group, indicating some consciousness of kind among the group
What is a sense of solidarity or collective identity?
These factors frequently betrayed the efforts of the Balkan political leaderships to implement a Western-like political party system
What are inexperience in practical Western-style politics and unconscious propensities for non-Western practices?
According to Safran, the value of language as a symbol, and how it relates to the concept of nationalism
What is it can remain even in the absence of the communicative function, and it is linked with the past and authenticity?
The hierarchal structure within the empire
What was the structure where Muslim, held the ultimate political authority, and non-Muslim millet leaders were often required to pay special taxes and acknowledge the Ottoman Sultan as their political leader?
This made political life often unstable during the Ottoman Empire
What are the diverse ethnic and religious composition of communities, foreign and internal state efforts for control, and the appointment of local leaders from non-local ethnicities?
The management of religious diversity in the Balkans under the Ottoman Empire
What is the creation of the Millet System that allowed each religious community to govern its own internal affairs?
This characterized the political landscape as political parties and led to factional conflicts
What is a tendency for politics to slide into strident factional conflicts among party bosses and their followers?