Multicultural General Knowledge
EL clients are considered to have an LI only if they have language-learning disabilities in...
both their native/primary language(s) and English
Mr. Smith, a 70-year-old woman, has had a stroke. Her first and dominant language is Spanish. She speaks some English. You do not speak Spanish but know you need to evaluate her Spanish skills. What should you do?
a. Purchase a “Spanish for Dummies” book to read before evaluating her in Spanish.
b. Ask the medical facility to provide you with a highly certified & trained Spanish interpreter to gather a case history and evaluate her skills, as well as perform an assessment in English.
c. Ask her family members to give her the assessment in Spanish and analyze the results.
d. Only evaluate in English anyway because it is more time-effective.
b. Ask the medical facility to provide you with a highly certified & trained Spanish interpreter to gather a case history and evaluate her skills, as well as perform an assessment in English.
Describe mean, median, and mode.
Mean: most commonly used measure of central tendency, calculated by adding all the scores and dividing by the total number of scores added
Median: score in the exact middle of the distribution
Mode: most frequently occurring score in a distribution
an environmental scientist examines how pollution levels affect the health of a local river ecosystem. She collects water samples from different locations along the river and measures various indicators of water quality. What is the IV and DV?
IV: pollution levels (measured at different locations along the river)
DV: health of the river ecosystem (measured by various indicators of water quality)
True or false: The term Hispanic is an ethnic label only and does not denote a race.
True. The term only denotes ethnicity, and many Hispanics are racially mixed.
Explain the difference between a language impairment and a language difference.
A language impairment is an inability to understand and process language expressively or receptively and may affect form, content, or use of language. A language difference is having the ability to speak another language that is different from the language used for instruction or by the majority of people and is not indicative of an LI.
Before working with an interpreter, you should...
a. Double-check that the permission for the assessment form indicates that an interpreter can be used during the assessment.
b. Allow the interpreter time to organize test materials, read instructions, and clarify areas of question.
c. Give the interpreter background info about the student who is being tested.
d. All of the above.
d. All of the above.
Give an example of an independent variable and a dependent variable.
IV: any variable that is manipulated by the experimenter to produce changes in the DV
DV: any variable that is affected by the manipulation of the IV
A researcher is investigating the rate of stuttering in children. He found that the slower the children speak, the more intelligible they are. He obtained a Pearson r correlational relationship of -.89. What does this mean?
a. A weak positive correlational relationship
b. A strong negative correlational relationship
c. A strong positive correlational relationship
d. A weak negative correlational relationship
b. A strong negative correlational relationship
True or false: Class I evidence (the best type of evidence) is based on expert opinion and case studies.
False. Class I evidence is based on randomized clinical trials and must come from at least one larger clinical trial with experimental and control groups.
Name and define the three levels of acculturation.
Adaptation: The person is fully involved in both their own and the host culture, and maintains their native language while becoming fluent in the new language.
Assimilation: The person fully incorporates into the cultural and social networks of the host society and gives up their culture of origin to take on the new culture's characteristics.
Preservation: The person rejects the values of the new host culture and minimizes contact and opportunities to learn the new language.
A teacher referred a 5-year-old African American male student to you. The teacher states “I think John needs speech therapy. I cannot understand anything he says.” Before conducting a speech screening, you remember which of the following is a typical variation of AAE and not a sign of a disorder?
a. w/r substitutions in all word positions
b. v/f substitution in word-final position
c. Production of [æks] instead of [æsk]
d. Initial consonant deletion
c. Production of [æks] instead of [æsk]
In an ABA design, what does ABA stand for?
A = baselines
B = treatment
A = treatment withdrawal
An experimental design involving only a few participants and focusing on individual performance would be called a...
a. Case study design
b. Ex post facto design
c. Single-subject design
d. Single correlational design
c. Single-subject design
True or false: The ethnolinguistic theory states that AAE is a substandard form of MAE.
False. The ethnolinguistic theory states that AAE is a dialect in its own right.
Define tonal language and name the three tonal languages.
A tonal language has different tones that are phonemic and change meaning (tonemes).
Vietnamese, Chinese, and Laotian
Which of the following is a predictable production for speakers of Asian Languages as a result of language interference (transfer)?
a. “He be to bed going now”
b. “I see cat the little”
c. “The mom have two book”
d. “We no not be drivin over there”
c. "The mom have two book"
Name one limitation to group experimental designs.
Not always possible to randomly draw participants from a specific clinical population
Results may be generalized to groups but not individual clients
A group of SLPs is conducting research in a hospital setting. They are working on client satisfactory levels and developed a measurement scale to record their results. It looks like this:
1 = strongly agree, 2 = agree, 3 = neutral, 4 = disagree, 5 = strongly disagree
What type of scale is this?
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
b. Ordinal
True or false: Group designs of research help establish cause-and-effect relations based on differential performances under different conditions of an experiment.
False. Single-subject designs help establish cause-effect relations based on differential performances under different conditions of an experiment.
Which takes longer to develop: CALP or BICS?
CALP takes longer. CALP takes about 5-10 years to become similar to native speakers, while BICS takes about 2-3 years. It's important to note, however, that EL students with solid BICS may still be in the process of developing CALP.
Hannah is an 8-year-old girl in an English-speaking classroom. Her parents emigrated from China 9 years ago. Hannah came to the school only speaking Mandarin, so kindergarten was her first exposure to English regularly. Her teacher referred her to you, the SLP, because she is “behind” compared to her classmates in her oral language. Based on her background you can assume that…
a. Hannah may need further assessment for an underlying language impairment because her BICS should be developed.
b. Hannah may need further assessment for an underlying language impairment because her CALP should be developed.
c. Evaluation for a possible language impairment is not necessary because both her BICS and CALP are developed appropriately.
d. A & B
a. Hannah may need further assessment for an underlying language impairment because her BICS should be developed.
Compare validity and reliability of research data.
Validity is the assurance that the measured values reflect the described dependent variable.
Reliability is the consistency with which the same event is measured repeatedly.
Which of the following studies looks into the potential cases of disorders or diseases?
a. Single-subject designs
b. Correlational research
c. Retrospective designs
d. Comparative research
c. Retrospective designs
True or false: The development of children who acquire two languages simultaneously in natural communication situations closely parallels monolingual development.
True. Simultaneous bilingual acquisition closely parallels monolingual development.