Equity
Fill in the blank:____ is the principle that individuals who are unequal should be treated differently according to their level of need.
Vertical equity (Guinness et al., 2011)
Fill in the blank: Gakidou et al investigated how ____ was affected due to out-of-pocket (OOP) health-care costs in 2020 given the COVID-19 context.
Financial hardship (Gakidou et al., p. 1629)
Fill in the blank: _____ is a situation where everyone—irrespective of their ability-to-pay—gets the health services they need in a timely fashion without suffering any undue financial hardship as a result of receiving the care.
Universal health coverage (UHC) (Wagstaff et al.,2016)
Fill in the blank: ____refers to the fact that people have a tendency to sort themselves into neighbourhoods, social groups, and other clusters
Selection in health (Arcaya et al., 2015)
Fill in the blank: ______ are the resources used in the design, implementation, receipt and continuation of a healthcare intervention.
Direct costs. (Guinness et al., 2011)
Fill in the blank:______ is the situation where there is an equal distribution of income (or utility, health etc.)
End-state equity. (Guinness et al., 2011)
Fill in the blank: Gakidou et al states that “If the pandemic response increased use of private healthcare, then policies are needed to ensure_____ by “[covering] costs in that sector or [motivating] patients to return to the public sector”.
Financial risk protection (Gakidou et al., p. 1629)
What are the two dimensions of universal health coverage? (must list both)
service delivery and financial coverage (Wagstaff et al.,2016)
On what levels can inequity be measured?
(1) Service level (equity in health interventions), (2) societal level (equity in health across socio-demographic groups), (3) health system level (equity in access and equity in financing), (4) global level (equalities between different societies and nations)
Fill in the blank: ____ is a method to adjust future costs and outcomes to their present value, considering time preference.
Discounting (Guinness et al., 2011)
List one explanation for socioeconomic inequalities in health that is considered among the most convincing, according to Guinness et al. (2011)?
Behavioral differences between social classes and material inequalities.
Of the five countries examined by Gakidou et al, how many countries showed that their health systems neither protected “people from the financial risks of health care” nor “maintain health-care access”?
Three out of five (p. 1629)
Fill in the blank: Service coverage has two domains namely____ (Must list both)
prevention and treatment (Wagstaff et al.,2016)
How can progress towards universal health coverage be measured?
Assessing access to needed health services for all individuals and ensuring that nobody faces financial hardship due to healthcare expenses. (Wagstaff et al.,2016)
Fill in the blanks: __(1)__ represent the actual money spent (e.g. cost of supplies, maintenance, personnel, but this may not reflect their real value to society. __(2)__depend on its opportunity cost and considers the value of resources to society (Guinness et al., 2011).
(1) Financial costs and (2) Economic costs
What are the three aspects of process equity?
(1) equal access to healthcare, (2) equal use of healthcare, (3) equal healthcare expenditure for equal need.
Name one aspect Gakidou et al. considers may have contributed to rising Out of Pocket Expenditure (OOP).
Unsubsidized covid-19 testing and care OR reliance on private sector to avoid exposure (p. 1629)
Fill in the blank: _____ is a domain of financial protection where payments push a family below the poverty line.
Impoverishing payment (Wagstaff et al.,2016)
Fill in the blank: _____ is the situation where increasing quantities of social resources such as education, social class, or income correspond with increasing levels of health in a dose-response relationship.
Social gradient (Arcaya et al., 2015)
What are the three steps involved in costing?
(1) Identifying needed resources, (2) quantifying the amount of each resource, (3) valuing each resource. (Guinness et al., 2011)