DNA Technolgy and Genomics
The manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products.
What is Biotechnology?
The shape of a plasmid.
What is a circle / sphere?
The scientific name for restriction enzymes.
What are restriction endonucleases?
A way to separate DNA on a gelatinous surface by allowing speed to play a role in reading the DNA.
What is Gel Electrophoresis?
The process in which a gene is cloned for several purposes including (but not limited to) cloning genes, analyzing ancient DNA, parental diagnosis, genetic fingerprinting, forensics, and praternity tests.
What is Polymerase Chain Reaction or PCR?
1970s.
What year did Biotechnology started?
The way in which a gene is able to be transported into the host's nucleus. The most known example being a plasmid but others include phages, the shotgun technique, artificial chromosomes, etc.
What is a vector?
Restriction enzymes help cut up the DNA into fragments in order for this process to work.
What is Gel Electrophoresis?
The study of the genome of an organism based on its DNA sequence.
What is Genomics?
The way in which PCR doubles its products every cycle. Going from 1->2->4->16->32->64->128 (and keep going).
(HINT [because the wording of this question sucks] In math it would look like 2x if you were to graph it)
What is exponential growth?
Where DNA in which genes from 2 different sources are linked together.
What is recombinant DNA?
A gene that is inserted into the Plasmid the bacterial to stimulate the production of a certain protein (in this case insulin).
What is the human insulin gene?
EcoRI, HindIII, Smal, BamHI.
What are some examples of different types of restriction enzymes?
The use of paper towels to separate DNA from a gelatinous surface
1) used to identify genes of interest using a probe
2) only fragments with specific needed genes will probe correctly
What is the Southern Blotting Technique used for?
The temperature that the DNA must be heated to in order for the DNA to split into the 2 separate strands, this also signals the start of the PCR Process.
What is the 94-98 Degrees celsius range?
Agriculture: livestock like pigs, cattle, sheep, horses.
Pets: dogs, cats, pigeons.
What are examples of specific organisms humans have modified?
The process in which a vectors (in this case a plasmid) is inserted into another strand of DNA with the formation of phospodiester bonds. This process is needed for genetic engineering to occur.
What is ligation?
The 2 types of splits in the DNA that result from the restriction enzymes, one being a "clean cut" straight down the DNA strand, while the other being a "fracture" which creates a Z shape down the DNA strand.
What are Blunt and Sticky ends?
Using DNA fragments to cross-reference multiple DNA samples to determine a match between two of the DNA samples.
What is Restriction fragment analysis?
The final amount of copies of DNA after the result of PCR which happens 30 times.
DAILY DOUBLE TIME
What is the 30 cycles of PCR or what is is 2^30 or 1 billion?
Forensics, Cloning, Gene Mapping, DNA Sequencing, Gene therapy, Insulin and growth hormone production, Stem Cell Research, DNA Manipulation, Recombinant DNA.
What are uses of Biotechnology in todays society?
The coding pili in plasmids responsible for the production of
1) a fertility pili which allows for recombination.
2) a resistance to antibiotics.
What are the
1) F (fertility) plasmid?
2) R (resistance) plasmid?
The amount of known restriction enzymes that are located in the body.
What is 276 restriction enzymes?
A 13-year effort to identify the whole human DNA sequence for future use in data analysis and other related technologies.
What is the Human Genome Project?
A heat stable DNA which is used to automate the repetitive process of the Polymerase Chain Reaction. This is needed in order for the process of PCR to start.
What is a Taq (or taq plasmid)?