Communication Disorders
Struggling with reading, having difficulties with understanding and expressing language, and misunderstood social cues are signs a child may have one.
What is a communication disorder?
The name given to the phenomenon when an individual continuously faces a negative, uncontrollable situation and stops trying to change their circumstances, even when they have the ability to do so
What is learned helplessness?
The characteristics of Autism.
What are:
Over-selectivity, social withdrawal, affect isolation, behavior/self-injurious behavior, impaired or delayed speech.
Abnormalities in qualitative aspects of social development and qualitative aspects of communication development. Repetitive, stereotyped patterns of behaviors and interests. Resistance to environmental change or change in daily routines. Unusual responses to sensory experiences, and gaze aversion.
The four types of hearing loss.
What are:
Sensorineural hearing loss, conductive hearing loss, mixed hearing loss, and unilateral/bilateral hearing loss?
Teaching tips for teaching students with visual impairments.
Use typed, high contrast materials that are spaced well
- Only write on one side of the page to prevent bleeding through
- Raised drawings and tactile maps
- Concrete examples and hands on learning
- Keep written info in a binder and repeat it aloud
- Tape recorded instructional material
- Allow additional time to complete assignments
- Orient students from focal point
- Keep students informed of changes (seating, floor, etc)
- Assign a guide for special events
- Appropriate lighting
- Seating near board
- Tilted desktops and book stands to bring work closer to eyes
- Focus on working with what they have!!
The four different types of speech disorders
What are:
1) Articulation Disorders
2) Apraxia of Speech
3) Voice Disorders
4) Fluency Disorders
planning/programming with an individualized approach that considers all aspects of a person's life, which leads to self determination.
What are Person-Centered Planning/Comprehensive Intervention Programs?
Older theories of autism's cause versus modern theories of autism's cause.
What are:
Older: Thought it was purely a psychological disorder, caused by a lack of maternal warmth. Experience of rejection caused children into an inner world.
Modern: Biological causes. Defective brain structures. Pre/Post natal damage may also be related to autism. Overgrowth in brain volume.
The three oral approaches for communication and the four approaches for manual/(sign) communication
What are
ORAL: Speechreading, auditory training, and cued speech.
MANUAL: manual communication, fingerspelling, total communication, and ASL
The educational definition of visual impairment.
What is impairment in vision that, even with correction, adversely affects a child's educational performance; includes both partial sight and blindness.
The five components of Enhanced Milieu Teaching.
What are:
1) Setting up an interactive context
2) Noticing and responding to child communication
3) Taking turns and allowing time for the child to communicate
4) Mirroring and Mapping
5) Expanding
At least 4 teacher tips for teaching students with Intellectual Disabilities.
What are:
1) Hands-on materials w/ demonstrations
2) Build on existing strengths
3) Help students develop rules and transfer knowledge
4) Real life examples and community based instruction
5) Shorter and distributed learning sessions
6) Positive immediate feedback
7) Life skills in groups/clubs
8) Work w/ stu's parents
Definition and details of Applied Behavioral Analysis, and the three different types.
What is the use of scientific principles of learning and motivation to teach effectively. Incorporates positive reinforcement, and focuses on what motivates the child. Intensity matters; typically treatment is 30 hours a week and duration is at least two years.
Types are: Pivotal Response Treatment, Discrete Trial Training, and Naturalistic Training
The positive and negative consequences of cochlear implants.
What are:
POSITIVE: children's ability to recognize speech is considerably higher. Children can read lips more clearly. Access to the education world is higher.
NEGATIVE: If unsuccessful, residual hearing is destroyed. Many kids receive little to no gain in regards to language. Extensive time commitment from all family members and all involved. A lot of time spent teaching English, not enough time on learning language.
The social characteristics of a child with a visual impairment.
What are:
Early language development is restricted by visual experiences; therefore, their language tends to be more self centered (learn what you know)
- Relies on tactual and auditory information to learn about the world
- Concept of color and shape are learned from touching or hearing things
The type of language intervention in which information is presented directly from the teacher to the pupil, in which the teacher selects the topic of instruction, controls instructional stimuli, obligates a response from the child, evaluates child responses, and provides reinforcement for correct responses and feedback for incorrect ones. Adult-centered with narrow goals.
What is didactic language intervention?
Characteristics of the four levels of ID.
What are:
Mild: 85% of ID population; 50-55 to approximately 70 IQ; can generally learn reading, writing, and math skills between 3rd and 6th grade; may live independently and have jobs - Outcomes: develop social and communication skills during preschool; often not distinguishable from children without ID until a later age; can acquire academic skills up to 6th grade
Moderate: 10% of ID population; 35-40 to 50-55 IQ; may be able to learn some basic reading and writing; able to learn functional skills such as safety and self-help; requires some type of oversight/supervision. Outcomes: acquire communication in early childhood years; can attend to personal care with supervision; unlikely to progress beyond 2nd grade level academics; have difficulty with social relationships in adolescence
Severe:
5% of ID population; 20-25 to 35-40 IQ; probably not able to read or write; may have learned self-help skills and routines; requires supervision in daily activities in normal living environment
- Outcomes: acquire little or no communication during early childhood years; may learn to communicate during school years; can be taught basic self-care skills; may master some functional academics (sight words)
Profound:
1% of ID population; <20-25 IQ; requires intensive support; may be able to communicate by verbal or other means; nursing and therapy
- Outcomes: considerable impairments in sensorimotor functioning; need highly structured environments and individualized attention; motor development and self-care can improve with appropriate education
The type of ABA behavioral intervention that is great for teaching play and social skills, looks more like typical interactions, is less structured, and is great for establishing generalization of skills learned in other interventions.
What is Naturalistic Training?
The teaching tips for teaching students w/ hearing impairments.
Speak facing student
- Do not exaggerate lip movements
- Stand still while talking
- Seat student in front of instructional area where he can see teachers and peers - Rephrase questions as necessary
- Write new vocabulary on board
- Use visual aids when possible
- Provide note takers
- Go over new vocabulary prior to lesson
- Add noise absorbing materials/carpets (reduce background noise)
- Create a buddy system
The three causes of visual impairment.
What are:
Cortical visual impairment, retinopathy of prematurity, and optic nerve hypoplasia.
Language strategies for children with communication disorders.
What are:
Instruction: short and simple sentences
Models: Initiate interactions with clear and direct commands
Feedback: Positive statements; recast/rephrase; expansions
Decrease amount of word use
High frequency of repetition words
Increasing opportunities to respond
The elements of self determination.
ghGH“'”
What are:
choice-making/decision-making skills; problem-solving skills; goal-setting and attainment skills; independence/risk taking/safety skills; self-observation and self-evaluation skills; self reinforcement skills; self-instruction skills; self-advocacy and leadership skills; self-awareness; self-knowledge
The name for the behavioral intervention that has the following processes:
Instruction -> Correct Response -> Reward
Instruction -> Incorrect Response -> Correction
What is Discrete Trial Training
The intellectual, speech/language, academic, and social characteristics of a person with a hearing impairment.
Intellectual: Intellectual ability within range of hearing peers, problems with certain conceptualization
Speech/language: Poor speech production, limited vocab, problems with language usage and comprehension, voice quality problems.
Academic: Achievement levels significantly below those of hearing peers, Reading ability is most significantly affected, Spelling problems, Written language production is limited, Discrepancy between capabilities and performance in many areas
Social: Less socially mature, Difficulty making friends, Withdrawn behavior, May be dependent on teacher assistance
The definitions and differences between low vision and legal blindness.
What are:
Low vision: refers to students with a visual acuity of 20/70 or worse in the best eye, with correction (meet eligibility to receive vision services)
Legal Blindness: clinically measured visual acuity of 20/200 in the better eye with the best correction, or visual field of 20º or less