Encryption
Why is data encryption necessary? Mention four reasons, minimum.
Data encryption is an important cybersecurity measure that helps to protect data from various threats, comply with legal requirements and maintain user's trust.
Data encryption is necessary for:
1. Protection of confidential information.
2. Compliance with regulatory requirements and laws.
3. Data protection during transmission.
4. Minimizing damage.
5. Maintaining reputation and trust of users.
What is cybercrime? Briefly describe five types of cybercrime.
Cybercrime is an illegal activity which is used in computer systems, the Internet and digital technologies. The purpose of cybercrimes can be data theft, financial gain, espionage, sabotage and other criminal activities.
Types of cybercrime:
1. Malware.
2. Phishing.
3. Denial of service attacks (DDoS).
4. Identity theft.
5. Hacking and unauthorized access.
What is Big Data?
Big data is structured and unstructured arrays of huge amounts of information which help to make informed business decisions. It allows you to build predictive models with high accuracy.
What is website design and development? What’s the difference between front-end and back-end development?
Website design and development is the process of creating a web presence, starting with defining the goals and requirements of the client and ending with the launch and maintenance of the site. It includes several stages such as user interface (UI) design, content development, layout and design creation, programming, testing and launch.
The difference between front-end and back-end development is the front-end focuses on creating the user interface and its interaction with the user, whereas the back-end is responsible for data processing, security and information storage on the server.
What is a database?
A database is a collection of organized data that is stored and accessible to computer system for processing. It is a structured repository of information that allows users to efficiently organize, manage and retrieve data.
What is encryption and how does it work (using the example of symmetric encryption)?
Encryption is the reversible transformation of information to hide it from unauthorized persons and provide access to it to authorized users.
The sequence of actions for symmetric encryption:
1. Encryption.
The data (plaintext) is processed using a cryptographic algorithm and a private key.
As a result of this process, the data is converted into ciphertext, which looks like a random set of characters and cannot be read without a private key.
2. Transfer or storage.
Encrypted data is transmitted over the network or stored in storage. Even if an attacker intercepts this data, he will not be able to understand it without a private key.
3. Decryption.
The recipient of the data uses the private key to convert the ciphertext back to the original plaintext.
Decryption is possible only if the correct key is available, which ensures data security.
What is data security? Name three main elements that influence on security policies.
Data security is the practice of protecting data from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, alteration or destruction.
Three main elements influencing on data security policy:
1. Confidentiality.
2. Integrity.
3. Accessibility.
What is big data analytics, and how does it work?
Big data analytics is the process of extracting valuable information, understanding and visualizing data which has a huge volume, variety and is generated with speed.
The work of a big data analyst consists of:
1. Data collection.
First, you need to collect data from various sources such as transactions, social media, mobile devices, etc.
2. Data storage.
After collection, the data is stored in specialized data storage systems such as databases.
3. Data processing.
Then data is processed using various methods and technologies.
4. Data analysis.
After processing the data is analyzed using various analysis methods, including descriptive statistics, machine learning, etc.
5. Visualization and interpretation.
Finally, the results of the analysis are visualized using graphs, diagrams, etc.
6. Applying the results.
The results obtained from analytics can be used for decision-making in different fields such as marketing, finance, science, etc.
What is HTML, CSS and JavaScript, and how are they related to web design?
HTML, CSS and JavaScript are the main three technologies used to create websites and web applications.
HTML is the standard markup language for creating the structure of a web page. It defines various elements such as headings, paragraphs, lists, images, links and others.
CSS is used to style and decorate web pages, creating a visual representation of them. Using CSS, you can define colors, fonts, sizes, element layout, animations, etc.
JavaScript is a programming language which is used to add interactivity and dynamic behavior of web pages. You can use it to create complex functional elements such as animations, feedback forms, dynamic page content updates, etc.
What is a database schema?
A database schema is a formal description of the database structure, including a description of tables, their fields, data types, constraints, relationships and other parameters.
What are the main types of encryption?
The main types of encryption are symmetric and asymmetric encryption. Each of these types has its own characteristics and applications.
Briefly describe five types of data protection.
Four of data protection:
1. Encryption.
Encryption protects data during transmission and storage, making it inaccessible to unauthorized users.
2. Access control.
Restricting access to data based on roles and permissions. It includes authentication and authorization and only authorized users can access certain information.
3. Data backup.
You need to create copies of data that can be restored in case of loss, damage or attack on the main system.
4. Antivirus and anti-malware software.
Software is used for detection, prevention and removing malware (viruses, Trojans, spyware).
5. Physical protection.
It consists in restricting physical access to protected data.
Give five examples of how big data analytics can be used to help organizations.
Examples of using big data analytics for the benefit of organizations:
1. Marketing analysis and personalization.
Organizations can use big data analytics to analyze consumer behavior, preferences, interests and purchasing habits. Based on this data, you can create personalized marketing campaigns and offer relevant products and services.
2. Process of Optimization and Resource Management.
Big data analytics allows organizations to analyze processes in real time, identify bottlenecks, optimize resource usage and improve operational efficiency.
3. Customer experience analysis and feedback.
Organizations can use big data analytics to analyze customer experience, track feedback and identify problematic issues in products or services. It helps to improve the quality of service, increase customers satisfaction and strengthen their loyalty.
4. Data-driven forecasting and decision.
Big data analytics helps organizations to make predictions and decisions based on evidence and statistical models. It may include forecasting demand, financial performance, risks and opportunities.
5. Analysis of the competitive environment and market trends.
With the help of big data analytics, organizations can analyze the competitive environment, identify market trends, monitor competitors' actions and predict their strategies.
What are the main parts of the website structure?
The main parts of the website structure:
1. Header.
2. Navigation.
3. Content.
4. Sidebar.
5. Footer.
What is SQL?
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a query language used to manage data in relational databases. It includes operators for creating, modifying and managing data in a database.
What is the principle of encryption data with private and public keys?
The principle of encryption data with public and private keys:
1. The sender knows or requests the recipient's public key. Everyone can know the public key, including the attacker.
2. Next the sender encrypts the message using this public key, and then sends it to the recipient.
3. The recipient decrypts the received message on his private key.
Note: each of the participants in the dialogue has it's own key pair (public and private). Before the dialogue, the interlocutors exchange their public keys.
Why is data protection important for businesses and organizations? Name at least five reasons.
Data protection is important for sustainable development, financial stability and the overall security of businesses and organizations.
Five reasons for it:
1. Protection of confidential information.
2. Compliance with legislation and regulatory requirements.
3. Maintaining the reputation and trust of customers.
4. Prevention of financial losses.
5. Ensuring business continuity.
What are the benefits and challenges of big data analytics?
Big Data analysis brings significant advantages, the main of them:
1. Increased accuracy and personalization.
Companies can understand the customers better and offer personalized offers, which increases sales and customer loyalty.
2. Improving operational efficiency.
Companies can predict product demand accurately. It allows them to optimize inventories and improve supply chain management.
3. Quick decision-making.
Big data analysis systems can process and analyze information in real time, which allows you to make prompt and informed decisions.
Problems:
1. Privacy and security issues.
2. Data quality.
The data is often incomplete, incorrect or duplicated. It requires considerable effort to clean and prepare for analysis.
3. Technical difficulties.
Processing and storing huge amounts of data requires a powerful infrastructure and significant costs.
Name the elements of web-design and give their brief description.
Web design includes many elements which work together to create a complete user experience. Here are some of them:
1. Layout.
2. Color.
3. Fonts.
4. Images and graphics.
5. Text.
6. Navigation.
7. Widgets and controls (buttons, shapes, switches, sliders, etc.).
What is a DBMS (database management system)? Name the DBMS functions.
DBMS (Database management System) is software to manage the creation, storage, updating and analysis of databases.
The main functions of DBMS:
1. Data storage.
2. Data management.
3. Ensuring data security.
4. Backup and restore data.
5. Database scaling support.
Hardware- and software-based encryption: explain the difference.
The hardware encryption is suitable for situations where high performance and maximum key security are required, such as corporate servers and storage devices.
Software encryption is a more accessible and flexible solution which can be applied on various devices and easily adapted to changing security requirements.
What actions can you take to prevent cybercrime? Mention five examples of these actions.
The following actions can be taken to prevent cybercrime:
1. Implementation and updating of antivirus and anti-malware software.
2. Using Multi-factor Authentication (MFA).
3. Updating software and patch regularly.
4. Using firewalls and intrusion detection systems.
5. Data encryption.
Speak about common technologies and tools used to enable big data analytics processes.
Various technologies and tools are used to support big data analysis processes.
Examples:
1. Data storage.
-Distributed file systems
-NoSQL databases
2. Data processing.
-Platform for distributed data
-Processing Platform for streaming data processing
3. Data flow management.
-Systems for processing data flows
-Tools for automating data flows
4. Data Analysis.
-Tools for executing SQL queries
-Libraries and platforms for machine learning
5. Data visualization.
-Data Visualization Tools
-Libraries for web visualizations
6. Orchestration of work processes.
-Workflow management platforms
Suggest some guidelines that could help to create a well-designed website.
Recommendations for creating a well-designed website:
1. Define the theme of your site.
2. Keep your design simple and uncluttered.
Avoid redundancy and overcrowding. A simple and intuitive design will provide the best user experience.
3. Ensure your site is responsive.
Make sure it displays well on all devices, including mobile phones and desktops.
4. Create a user-friendly navigation system.
Make it easy for users to find the information they need.
5. Monitor your download speed.
Make sure your site loads quickly and efficiently.
What data models are used in the database?
The most common data models that used in databases:
1. Relational data model.
2. Object-oriented data model.
3. Graph data model.
4. Hierarchical data model.