Hygiene & Prevention
Name one oral hygiene method used to prevent gingivitis
Brushing
List one systemic condition linked to periodontal disease.
Diabetes
What is the primary function of the periodontal ligament (PDL)?
Support and attach the tooth to the alveolar bone; absorbs shock.
What is dental plaque primarily composed of?
Bacteria embedded in a matrix of salivary glycoproteins and extracellular polysaccharides
Is gingivitis a reversible or irreversible condition?
Reversible
What is the purpose of disclosing solution?
To visualize dental plaque.
Name a modifiable risk factor for periodontal disease
Smoking or poor oral hygiene
What is the term for the space between the tooth and free gingiva?
Gingival sulcus
Name two bacteria commonly associated with early plaque biofilm
Streptococcus sanguinis and Actinomyces species
What distinguishes periodontitis from gingivitis?
Periodontitis involves attachment and bone loss; gingivitis does not
What is the role of probiotics in oral health?
They improve clinical parameters and interfere with host immune responses
How does diabetes mellitus influence periodontal health?
It impairs immune response and collagen metabolism, increasing periodontal destruction
Describe the histological feature of early periodontitis.
Loss of collagen, epithelial downgrowth, and inflammatory infiltrates.
Name the three stages of biofilm formation.
Pellicle formation, bacterial adhesion, and biofilm maturation.
What is the clinical significance of furcation involvement?
Indicates periodontal disease affecting the area between the roots of multi-rooted teeth.
How do nutritional deficiencies influence the progression of periodontal disease?
Deficiencies affect collagen synthesis, immune response, and healing.
List three systemic conditions associated with worsened periodontal outcomes.
Diabetes, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease
Explain the role of lipopolysaccharides in periodontitis.
They trigger host immune responses and tissue destruction.
What are the main features of necrotizing periodontal disease?
Pain, interdental papilla loss, necrosis, and systemic symptoms
Describe the grading criteria (A-C) for periodontal disease
Grade A: slow, B: moderate, C: rapid progression.
How does Vitamin C deficiency affect the periodontium?
It causes bleeding, swelling, poor collagen formation, and bone loss.
Compare and contrast Papillon-Lefèvre Syndrome and Down Syndrome in relation to periodontal disease
Both involve aggressive periodontitis; Papillon-Lefèvre includes skin lesions, Down Syndrome has generalized bone loss with poor hygiene
Explain the pathogenesis of periodontal pocket formation
Bacterial invasion, immune response, apical migration of junctional epithelium, loss of attachment.
List four bacterial species involved in advanced periodontal lesions
P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, F. nucleatum, and A. actinomycetemcomitans
Describe the clinical and radiographic findings in Stage III, Grade B periodontitis.
Clinical: 5-7mm pockets, bleeding, mobility. Radiographic: horizontal and vertical bone loss, calculus, faulty restorations