Survey
What is the meaning of 'felix'
very fertile/lucky
Define the term "paterfamilias"
the male head of a Roman family who held legal authority over all family members
Name one key religious building in Pompeii.
Temple of Apollo, Temples of Isis
Name one example of Greek architectural influence found in Pompeii.
The use of columns and porticos, as seen in the Temple of Apollo and the peristyle courtyards in wealthy homes, reflects Greek architectural influence.
What has caused deterioration at pompeii and herculaneum?
tourism, overgrown weeds, moisture, exposure to elements etc
Describe the urban landscape of herculaneum
small walled town, above sea level, the main street, Decumus maximus, is wide with well-constructed foot paths on both sides sheltered by over-hanging roofs, the blocks of the houses reveal a social class mix
Name two common occupations found in Pompeii and Herculaneum
bakers and fullers (laundry workers), as well as merchants, artisans, farmers, and tavern owners.
Who were the aediles in Pompeii's political structure?
The aediles were magistrates responsible for maintaining public buildings, markets, and organizing games and festivals.
What was the main purpose of public baths in everyday life?
Public baths were social and recreational centers where people bathed, exercised, relaxed, and conducted business or socialized. Frigidarium, tepidarium, caldarium
Explain how the use of protective roofs and shelters has been beneficial in the conservation of frescoes and mosaics in Pompeii.
Protective roofs and shelters help shield frescoes and mosaics from direct sunlight, rain, and wind, thereby reducing exposure to weathering, moisture infiltration, and temperature fluctuations that can cause deterioration.
How were pompeii and herculaneum affected differently by the eruption?
plinean/pelean phases - ompeii, located southeast of the volcano, was buried under a thick layer of ash and pumice, causing buildings to collapse under the weight and leaving many inhabitants trapped. In contrast, Herculaneum, situated closer to Vesuvius and to the west, was engulfed by fast-moving pyroclastic flows. These flows carbonized and preserved organic materials such as wood, food, and even human remains, resulting in a higher level of preservation compared to Pompeii.
Describe the role of freedmen (liberti) in the economy of Pompeii and Herculaneum.
Freedmen played a significant role in the economy, often working as craftsmen, traders, and entrepreneurs. They could amass wealth and influence, sometimes gaining status by sponsoring public buildings or holding religious and civic positions.
What is a lararium in Roman religion?
A lararium is a household shrine dedicated to the household gods (Lares) and spirits, commonly found in homes in Pompeii and Herculaneum.
How did dining customs in Pompeii and Herculaneum differ between the wealthy and the lower classes?
Wealthy individuals dined in private homes with elaborate triclinium (dining rooms), reclining on couches and consuming multiple courses, often accompanied by entertainment. In contrast, lower-class citizens commonly ate at thermopolia or small taverns, with simpler meals and less ceremony.
What challenges do archaeologists face in balancing conservation efforts with tourism at Pompeii?
Archaeologists must manage the impact of large numbers of visitors, which can cause physical wear to structures, increased litter, and accidental damage. Balancing access with preservation involves setting limits on visitor numbers, creating controlled pathways, and implementing measures to protect vulnerable areas from direct contact
Who were the early excavators at pompeii and herculaneum & what did they contribute
fiorelli (regions & insular/plaster casts), Mau (art and architecture), spinazzola (via dell abondanza), Mauiri (some rushed excavations)
How did social status affect the housing structures in Pompeii and Herculaneum?
Wealthy citizens lived in large, luxurious domus (houses) with elaborate frescoes, gardens, and private baths, while the lower classes resided in smaller, simpler homes or rented rooms in multi-story insulae (apartment buildings).
provide examples of archaeological evidence that reflect both domestic and public religion
frescoes, statues of lares, temples, lararium in the house of the wooden partition, personal alters in houses
what did frescoes reveal about everyday life?
They reveal the inhabitants' tastes, interests, and the importance of art in displaying wealth and cultural knowledge. Some frescoes also provide insights into clothing, food, and domestic practices. Interests in gambling, theatre, gladiatorial combat, relaxin etc
What role does the Herculaneum Conservation Project play in the ongoing efforts to preserve the site?
The Herculaneum Conservation Project (HCP) focuses on stabilizing and conserving the site through scientific research, innovative conservation methods, community engagement, and collaboration with international experts. It aims to address urgent conservation needs, improve site management, and develop sustainable practices for the site's long-term preservation.
Explain the benefits of the geographical setting and natural features of Campania to the people of Pompeii and Herculaneum
Fertile Soil: The volcanic soil from Mount Vesuvius was rich in nutrients, providing ideal conditions for agriculture, including vineyards, olive groves, and orchards. This allowed for the production of wine, olive oil, and other crops, contributing to the local economy.
Mild Climate: The Mediterranean climate with warm summers and mild winters supported year-round agriculture and a comfortable living environment.
Coastal Access: Proximity to the Bay of Naples facilitated trade and fishing. The ports of Pompeii and Herculaneum allowed easy access to goods and cultural exchanges with other Mediterranean regions.
Freshwater Sources: Rivers, springs, and natural aqueducts in the region provided a reliable supply of fresh water for drinking, bathing, and irrigation, enhancing daily life and agricultural productivity.
Natural Defenses: The surrounding mountains and cliffs offered some protection from potential invaders, contributing to the safety and security of the inhabitants.
Proximity to Other Cities: Being near other thriving cities, such as Naples (Neapolis), promoted trade, commerce, and cultural interactions, enhancing the prosperity of both Pompeii and Herculaneum.
Discuss how the production and trade of wine and olive oil contributed to the economy of Pompeii. Provide examples of evidence from archaeological sources.
Wine and olive oil production were major economic activities, evidenced by the numerous vineyards, dolium (large storage jars), and pressing equipment found in and around Pompeii. Amphorae with inscriptions identifying the type and origin of wine also indicate a thriving trade network.
Explain the importance of the Temple of Jupiter in Pompeii's political and religious life.
The Temple of Jupiter, located in the forum, was the focal point of religious worship and political life. It symbolized the connection between Roman religion and state affairs, as Jupiter was the chief deity of Roman religion. The temple's prominence in the forum reflected its role in public ceremonies and political events.
What aspects of Egyptian religion were adopted into the religious practices of Pompeii, as seen in the Temple of Isis?
The Temple of Isis shows the adoption of Egyptian religious rituals, such as the worship of Isis and ceremonies involving the Nile's life-giving powers. The temple's architecture and iconography, including statues of Egyptian deities and symbols like the sistrum, reflect a blend of Egyptian and Roman religious practices.
Discuss the ethical considerations involved in the conservation and reconstruction of the Pompeii and Herculaneum sites.
Ethical considerations include the debate over whether to restore structures to their original state or preserve them in their current condition, the responsibility to protect the cultural heritage for future generations, and the need to balance scientific research with respect for the memory of the victims. Conservationists also face the ethical challenge of determining how much intervention is appropriate without compromising the site's historical authenticity.