Portuguese and Spanish Explorers
He is credited with “discovering” the New World, but he didn’t get it named after him.
Christopher Columbus
It is believed that early Native Americans first came to the Americas by crossing over one of these.
Land Bridge
Who was this exchange network named for?
Christopher Columbus
New Spain’s success was tied directly to this resource above all others.
Precious Metals (gold/silver) or Slavery
Name given to the system developed by the Spanish in the sixteenth century that defined the status of diverse populations based on a racial hierarchy that privileged Europeans.
Spanish Caste System
This conquistador led a small force that conquered Inca Empire.
Francisco Pizarro
A split from the global historical norms many Native American societies were organized along the female line, which is known as this type of society.
Matrilinial
The introduction into the New World of these animals was served as both a boon and a bane to Native Americans.
Domesticated or Livestock Animals
Name of the enslaved Native American female who served as a translator/guide for the conquistador Cortes.
Malintzin or Dona Maria
Name of the group that was defined in the racial hierarchy as being born to mixed parentage of Spanish and Native American.
Mestizos
This conquistador led a small force that conquered the Aztec Empire.
Hernando Cortez
The staple crops of corn, beans, and squash are known collectively in Native Americans as what?
Three Sisters Farming
At least early on, which of the “two worlds” benefited most by the Columbian Exchange?
The Old World
Once Native Americans in New Spain began dying in alarming rates due to disease, abuse, and malnutrition this group from the Old World was enslaved as a replacement labor source.
Africans
Name of the Spanish priest who argued for Native American rights and protections.
Bartolome de Las Casas
This explorer established the Portuguese colony of Brazil.
Pedro Alvarez Cabal
More than any other external factor, pre-Columbian Native Americans were influenced by what?
Geography and Environment
Once slavery was introduced into the exchange a unique trade developed between sugar plantations in the Caribbean, Europe, and Africa known as . . .
Triangular Trade
Name of the legal document issued by the Spanish Crown to outline and legitimize Spanish conquest of the New World.
Requirimiento
Catholic theologian who argued against de Las Casas and supported the way Native Americans were being treated in the New World.
Juan Gines de Sepulveda
Name of the treaty that divided the unclaimed lands/markets of the world between Portugal and Spain.
Treaty of Tordesillas
This product is credited with population growth, social diversification, economic prosperity, and political stability.
Maize Cultivation
Name given to the period of time associated with the death millions of Native Americans from infectious Old World diseases.
The Great Dying
System first established by Christopher Columbus by which Spanish leaders in the Americas received land and the labor of all American Indians residing on it. For American Indians this system amounted to enslavement.
Encomienda
This group of Native born Spaniards was at the top of the caste, many of them were conquistadors.
Peninsulares