Pulses
Hypotension / Hypertension
Tunicas & Shock
Vessels
Vessel terminology
100
What is a pressure wave caused by the expansion and recoil of arteries?
A Pulse
100
1. Systolic pressure below 100 mm Hg.
2. Sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 or higher.
1. Hypotension
2. Hypertension
100
Endothelium lines the lumen of all vessels
Tunica intima
100
1. Microscopic blood vessels
2. Formed when capillary beds unite, very porous; allow fluids and WBCs into tissues.
1. Capillaries
2. Venules
100
Veins connecting 2 capillary beds
Portal system
200
Pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and body temperature
Vital signs
200
90% of hypertensive conditions. Due to several risk factors including heredity, diet, obesity, age, stress, diabetes mellitus, and smoking.
Primary or essential hypertension
200
Results when an inefficient heart cannot sustain adequate circulation
Cardiogenic shock
200
Smallest arteries, Lead to capillary beds
Arterioles
200
About to split (Usually into internal and external)
Common
300
This is used to measure blood pressure
Sphygmomanometer
300
1. Important sign of circulatory shock.
2. Hint of poor nutrition and warning sign for Addison's disease or hypothyroidism.
1. Acute Hypotension
2. Chronic Hypotension
300
Smooth muscle and sheets of elastin, Sympathetic nerve fibers control vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Tunica media
300
Most permeable. Occurs in special locations (e.g., liver, bone marrow, spleen).
Sinusoidal capillary
300
Dilated channel for the passage of blood or lymph (ex: Brain)
Sinus
400
What is the pressure at which you can first hear the
pulse?
Systolic blood pressure
400
1. A major cause of heart failure, vascular disease, renal failure, and stroke.
2. Temporary low BP and dizziness when suddenly rising from a sitting or reclining position.
1. Prolonged Hypertension
2. Orthostatic Hypotension
400
1. Results from extreme vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance.
2. Large-scale blood loss
1. Vascular shock
2. Hypovolemic shock
400
Large (pores) increase permeability. Occurs in special locations (e.g., kidney, small intestine). Filtration and absorption
Fenestrated capillaries
400
Take blood away from the heart, generally run deep, and have internal & external elastic lamina.
Artery
500
What is the last pressure at which you can still hear the pulse?
Diastolic blood pressure
500
This type of hypertension is less common, it is Due to identifiable disorders, including kidney disease, arteriosclerosis, and endocrine disorders such as hyperthyroidism and Cushing’s syndrome.
Secondary hypertension
500
Collagen fibers protect and reinforce, larger vessels contain vasa vasorum to nourish the external layer
Tunica externa (tunica adventitia)
500
Formed when venules converge, have thinner walls, larger lumens compared, with corresponding arteries, Blood pressure is lower than in arteries, Called capacitance vessels blood reservoirs); contain up to 65% of the blood supply, Valves prevent backflow of blood
Veins
500
Take blood toward the heart, run deep and superficial, deep ones run parallel to arteries and are usually named the same, and have valves.
Veins