Cell Wall
Which bacteria cell wall is more complex?
Gram-Negative
Which type of staining uses an acidic dye?
Negative Staining
What are the 5 elements ranked by dry weight in a cell?
2) Nitrogen
3) Phosphorus
4)Sulfur
5)Ions
Explain the uses of gas vesicles
Provides buoyancy to aquatic microbes
Define Passive Movement
Movement from high concentration area to low concentration area
No energy required
Ex. Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, Osmosis
What are the two disaccharides that form the polysaccharide chain in peptidoglycan?
NAM and NAG
What is the difference between simple and differential staining?
Simple staining: Allows shape and arrangement determination
Differential staining: Allows for identification of or distinguishing between various groups of bacteria
What are the 5 bonds and interactions ranked by strongest to weakest?
1) Nonpolar covalent bonds
2) Polar Covalent bonds
3) Ionic bonds
4) Hydrogen bonds
5) van der Waals forces
What is the small, circular double stranded DNA molecules found in bacteria called?
Plasmids
What kind of diffusion/transport requires energy, requires transport proteins, and move solutes from low concentrations to high concentrations.
Active Transport
Why is penicillin more effective against Gram-Positive bacteria?
Penicillin weakens the cell wall by prevent proper formation of peptide-cross bridges
The outer membrane of G(-) bacteria protects the peptidoglycan layer
G(-) have less peptidoglycan
What is the purpose of a mordant?
it is a chemical/physical treatment that aids, enhances or intensified the primary stain in one type of cell so it remains through decolorization
What is the difference between cations and anions?
cations are positively charged atoms because they lost one or more electrons
anions are negatively charged atoms because they gained one or more electrons
What are the two external structures used for protection?
Capsule and Cell Wall
What is the protein call that allows water to move more rapidly through the membrane
Aquaporin
What is the purpose of a cell wall?
-Provides protect from osmotic lysis and defense against "predators"
What are the steps to Gram Staining
1) Smear, Fix, Dry
2) Add Primary Stain, wash
3) Add Mordant, wash
4) Add Decolorizer, wash
5) Add Counterstain, wash
6) View
Write out a hydrolysis reaction. Does it break or build macromolecules?
Polymer + H2O -> monomer + monomer
used to break macromolecules?
What structure is used for both attachment and motility?
Pili
If a cell goes through plasmolysis, what type of solution would it be in?
Hypertonic solution
Draw and label a G(-) cell wall
Peptidoglycan, periplasm, lipoprotein, outer membrane, porin, lipopolysaccharide (O polysaccharide + Lipid A)
Explain which color a positive or negative result is in an Endospore Stain, Mycobacterium Stain, and Gram Stain
Endospore: + = green, - = red
Mycobacterium: + = red, - = blue
Gram Stain: + = purple, - = red
What type of H+ concentration do basic and acidic solutions have?
Acidic solutions, pH 0-6.9, have higher H+ concentration
Basic solutions, pH 7.1-14, have lower H+ concentration
Explain the difference between "Run and Tumble" and Chemotaxis
A "run" that represents forward movement, then a "tumble" that leads to potential changes in direction. Random movement
Chemotaxis is directed movement based on chemical signals. Bacteria goes towards attractants or away from repellents
Explain how Osmosis works
Movement of water from the area of low solute concentrations to the area of high solute concentration
-Water moves to dilute the high area while concentrating the low area to make them mostly equal