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100

 What are tissues?

Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to perform specific functions in the body. They are the building blocks of organs and systems.

100

Epithelial tissues are composed mostly of _____ and are found on internal and external body _______.

cells

surfaces

100

What type of epithelium would be best for accomplishing the following functions? Why? 

  1. absorbing oxygen in the lungs

  2. secreting mucus in the intestine

  3. protecting underlying tissues from desiccation and abrasion  

Absorbing Oxygen in the Lungs

Best Type: Simple Squamous Epithelium

  • Why?: Simple squamous epithelium consists of a single layer of flat cells, which allows for efficient gas exchange due to its thinness. This structure minimizes the distance oxygen and carbon dioxide need to travel, facilitating rapid diffusion in the alveoli of the lungs.

2. Secreting Mucus in the Intestine

Best Type: Simple Columnar Epithelium

  • Why?: Simple columnar epithelium has taller cells that are well-suited for secretion and absorption. Goblet cells, which are often found within this type of epithelium, produce mucus that lubricates and protects the intestinal lining, aiding in digestion and facilitating the movement of food.

3. Protecting Underlying Tissues from Desiccation and Abrasion

Best Type: Stratified Squamous Epithelium

  • Why?: Stratified squamous epithelium consists of multiple layers of cells, which provides a robust barrier against physical abrasion and prevents water loss (desiccation). This type of epithelium is found in areas like the skin (keratinized) and the oral cavity and esophagus (non-keratinized), where protection from external stressors is crucial.
100

Functions of connective tissue

  1. fibroblast

  2. osteocyte

  3. macrophage

  4. mast cell

  5. adipocyte

1. Fibroblast

  • Function: synthesis of extracellular matrix components, role in wound healing and maintaining the structural integrity of connective tissues.

2. Osteocyte

  • Function: maintain the bone matrix and communicate with other bone cells to regulate bone remodeling and mineral homeostasis. 

3. Macrophage

  • Function: immune cells that originate from monocytes, immune response by phagocytosing, secrete cytokines to coordinate the immune response and promote tissue repair.

4. Mast Cell

  • Function: Mast cells are involved in allergic reactions and immune responses

5. Adipocyte

  • Function: fat cells that store energy in the form of lipids, role in energy balance, insulation, and cushioning of organs. 
100

 Which type of muscle tissue has intercalated discs?

cardiac muscle tissue

200

Define Histology and Histopathology

  • Histology: The study of the microscopic structure of tissues.
  • Histopathology: The study of tissues to diagnose disease, focusing on the changes in tissues due to disease processes. 
200

Simple epithelial tissues are good for ______ or _______ whereas stratified epithelial tissues are better for _________.

absorption

secretion

protection


200

What are the functions of the following epithelial surface specializations?

  1. cillia

  2. microvilli

Cillia

  • Movement of Mucus

  • Propulsion of Fluids

  • Sensory Functions

  • Coordination of Movement 

  • Role in Development


Microvilli

  • Increased Surface Area

  • Enhanced Absorption

  • Secretion

  • Cellular Interaction

  • Sensory Functions


200


17. What are the defining characteristics of the three main types of connective tissue fibers? 

  1. collagen fibers

  2. elastin fibers

  3. reticular fibers

Collagen Fibers

  • Structure: thick, strong, and fibrous
  • Function: These fibers provide structural support and strength
  • Appearance: long, wavy, and white fibers under a microscope

2. Elastin Fibers

  • Structure: thinner and more flexible than collagen fibers.
  • Function: provide elasticity and resilience to connective tissues
  • Appearance: thin, dark-staining fibers

3. Reticular Fibers

  • Structure: thin network of collagen fibers form a supportive mesh-like structure.
  • Function: provide a supportive framework for soft tissues and organs
  • Appearance: fine, branching fibers that create a net-like structure
200

Nervous tissue consists of two major types of cells: ______________, which conduct nerve impulses, and ______________ which support and nourish the conducting cells.

neurons

glial cells


300

The four major types of tissue.

  • Epithelial Tissue
  • Connective Tissue
  • Muscle Tissue
  • Nervous Tissue
300

Are epithelial tissues vascular (do they have a dedicated blood supply)? Are they innervated? (do they have a nerve supply)?

Epithelial tissues are avascular (do not have a dedicated blood supply) but are typically innervated (have a nerve supply).

300

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

  • Endocrine Glands: These glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream or interstitial fluid. They are part of the endocrine system and regulate various physiological processes.
  • Exocrine Glands: These glands secrete their products through ducts to the external environment or into body cavities. They do not release their secretions directly into the bloodstream.
300

Define the following and give an example of each:

  1. Connective tissue proper

  2. Supporting connective tissue

  3. Fluid connective tissue

Connective Tissue Proper

  • Definition: consists of a diverse group of tissues that provide support, elasticity, and metabolic functions. 
  • Example: Areolar tissue 

2. Supporting Connective Tissue

  • Definition: provide structural support and shape to the body and its organs. 
  • Example: Cartilage

3. Fluid connective tissue

  • Definition: consist of cells suspended in a liquid matrix, allowing for the transport of nutrients, waste
  • Example: Blood
300

 ________________ are chemicals which allow communication between adjacent nerve cells.

Neurotransmitters


400

From which embryonic tissues are the four above tissues derived?

  • Epithelial Tissue: Derived from all three embryonic germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm).
  • Connective Tissue: Primarily derived from the mesoderm.
  • Muscle Tissue: Derived from the mesoderm.
  • Nervous Tissue: Derived from the ectoderm.
400

Epithelium are separated from underlying connective tissues by an acellular _______ membrane.

basement

400

Fill in the blanks to describe the three types of exocrine glands:

  1. Merocrine glands are excited  because they secrete their products via ________. 

  2. In __________ glands, the apical surface of the gland pinches off to become the secretion.

  3. In ___________ glands, the WHOLE cell disintegrates to become the secretion. 

1. Exocytosis

2. Apocrine

3. Holocrine


400

Connective tissue proper (otherwise known as fibrous connective tissues) is divided into two groups.  

  1. ___________ connective tissues consist of tightly-packed protein fibers. Examples include _________ and _______________.

  2. ___________  connective tissues consist of loosely-woven protein fibers.  Examples include ___________ and _____________. 

-Dense connective 

-dense regular connective tissue 

-dense irregular connective tissue.

-Loose 

-areolar tissue 

-adipose tissue


400

Identify the embryonic tissues which forms the listed tissues:

Surface of skin

Muscle Tissue

Lining of gut

Brain/Nervous Tissue

  • Surface of skin: Ectoderm
  • Muscle Tissue: Mesoderm
  • Lining of gut: Endoderm
  • Brain/Nervous Tissue: Ectoderm
500

What are the three criteria for naming epithelial tissues?

  • Number of Cell Layers.
  • Cell Shape
  • Special Features
500

Cell-shape for stratified epithelial tissues are classified by cells on the _____ surface.

apical

500

Unlike epithelial tissue, most connective tissues are composed primarily of non-cellular material called _________ (Hint: Keanu Reeves Movie). This  (same answer as before)  is composed of protein fibers and gel-like ________________  ___________________

matrix

matrix

ground substance

500

Blood is one of two fluid connective tissues.  What type of cells are found in it?  What is the matrix composed of? 


  1. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

  2. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

  3. Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Matrix Composition:

  • Plasma:
    • Water 
    • Proteins 
    • Electrolytes 
500

 Fill in the blank to complete the sentences below:

_____________ cells are embryonic stem cells that can become any type of cell in the body.  

In contrast _____________ cell may differentiate into several different cells (but not all). 

Pluripotent 

Multipotent

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