Protein Basics
This is the recommended daily allowance of protein in g/kg/day for normal adults
What is 0.8 g/kg/day?
These three amino acids are considered branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs)
What are leucine, isoleucine, and valine?
This organ produces bile for fat digestion
what is the liver
This is considered the sweetest of all monosaccharides
what is fructose
These beneficial microorganisms help support gut health
what are probiotics
his hormone activates glycogenesis after a meal
What is insulin?
This describes why lactose-free milk tastes sweeter
What is lactose being broken down into simpler, sweeter sugars?
This substance emulsifies fats in digestion
What is bile?
The consumption of this type of protein before sleep may enhance overnight muscle protein synthesis
What is casein protein?
This essential amino acid is particularly important for stimulating protein synthesis
What is leucine?
This enzyme initiates protein digestion in the stomach
What is pepsin?
This is the minimum daily carbohydrate intake required to prevent ketosis
what is 50-100 grams
This describes the difference between probiotics and prebiotics
What are live bacteria vs. compounds that support bacterial growth?
This organ produces ketone bodies during fasting
What is the liver?
These are the only medically recognized reasons to follow a gluten-free diet
What are celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, and wheat allergy?
These particles transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
What are chylomicrons?
this represents the difference between nitrogen intake and excretion
What is nitrogen balance?
These amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through diet
What are essential amino acids?
These finger-like projections increase the surface area for nutrient absorption
What are microvilli?
This process joins two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide
what is condensation?
This bacteria type has been linked to obesity when present in higher amounts
What are firmicutes?
This process describes how exercise affects glucose uptake in muscle cells
What is increased glucose uptake independent of insulin?
This artificial sweetener breaks down when heated
What is aspartame?
This lipoprotein transports cholesterol from tissues to the liver
What is HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein)?
This is the primary reason why the body converts excess amino acids to glucose or fatty acids
What is to provide energy when carbohydrate intake is insufficient?
This type of amino acid becomes essential under certain conditions like stress or illness
What are conditionally essential amino acids?
This hormone triggers the release of bicarbonate-rich fluid into the small intestine
What is secretin?
These two monosaccharides are primarily absorbed through active transport in the small intestine
What are glucose and galactose?
These compounds are produced when dietary fiber is fermented in the gut
What are short-chain fatty acids?
This describes the difference between ketosis and ketoacidosis
What is ketosis is controlled while ketoacidosis is dangerous?
This describes the current scientific understanding of HFCS compared to other sweeteners
What is HFCS has similar effects on body weight as other caloric sweeteners?
This describes the difference between natural and artificial trans fats
What is natural trans fats may have different health effects?
Athletes engaging in resistance training require this range of protein intake in g/kg/day for optimal muscle protein synthesis
What is 1.6-2.2 g/kg/day?
All amino acids share these three common components except for their unique side chain
What are a central carbon atom, an amino group, and a carboxyl group?
These two types of movement are responsible for mixing and moving food through the digestive tract
What are peristalsis and segmentation?
This formula is used to calculate Glycemic Load
What is (Glycemic Index × net Carbohydrates) ÷ 100
This describes the current scientific understanding of gut microbiome diversity
What is a diverse gut microbiome is generally beneficial for health?
This process is more likely to occur with excess fructose than other sugars
What is De Novo Lipogenesis?
This describes the relationship between carbohydrate intake and BMI
What is there is no strong positive linear relationship?
What factors contribute to high-fat diets and obesity?
-calorically dense, efficiently stored, low satiety