Phylogeny/Evolution
Two groups of species that share a common ancestor
What is a sister group
The word for the upper layer of a leaf
What is adaxial
The state (living or dead) of collenchyma cells at maturity
What is alive
The category of meristem from which primary growth occurs
What is apical meristem / axillary meristem
The main result of secondary growth
What is increase in thickness / girth
A cellular process in which substances are brought into cell by engulfing them with cell membrane
What is endocytosis
Of the two layers of mesophyll, this layer functions more in light capture with lots of chloroplasts
What is the palisade mesophyll
Phloem is made of this cell type
What is parenchyma
The two main results of growth from apical meristems
What are increase in length and production of new organs
The three layers of the periderm
What are cork cambium, cork, and phelloderm
A symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives inside another organism
What is endosymbiosis
The layer of cells immediately inside the endodermis, responsible for the production of root branches and for secondary growth in roots
What is the pericycle
This type of cell has functions in photosynthesis, turgidity, and storage
What is parenchyma
What are protoderm, procambium, and ground meristem
This type of branching occurs within surface tissues, as opposed to inner tissues
What is exogenous branching
An example of a synapomorphy in eukaryotes, not found in prokaryotes (3 possibilities)
What are the nucleus, the endomembrane system, and the mitochondria
The product that acts as a lubricant, loosener of soil integrity, and antimicrobial protectant as the root extends into so
What is mucigel
This tracheary element has perforations
What are vessel elements
The cortex, pith, mesophyll, and endodermis come from this primary meristem
What is ground meristem
The tissues that the cork cambium produces inwards and outwards
What are phelloderm (inwards) and cork (outwards)
Three lines of evidence supporting the evolution of mitochondria from an endosymbiotic bacterium
What are:
1. mitochondria divide like bacteria do, via binary fission
2. mitochondria DNA is much more similar to bacteria DNA than other DNA
3. there are two membranes around mitochondria because it maintained both membranes (1 from bacteria, 1 from the host during endocytosis) from the endocytosis event
This type of cell acts as a hinge to control how much surface area of the leaf is exposed to the sun to limit water loss. Based on turgidity of the cell's large vacuoles
What is bulliform cell
What are fibers, sclereids, tracheids, and vessel elements
The three main processes that result in growth of multicellular organisms
What are cell division, cell growth, and cell differentiation
The tissues of the stem that the vascular cambium develops from
What are residual procambium (situated between the xylem and phloem in each vascular bundle) and pith rays (situated between each vascular bundle)