Themes of Struggle
A literary theme stemming from an author's first-hand experiences growing up in a society marked by systemic and racial discrimination.
Racism
This period, declared by Ferdinand Marcos on September 21, 1972, involved the suspension of civil liberties and martial rule in the Philippines.
Martial Law
Known as the "National Hero" of the Philippines, this revolutionary leader fought for Philippine independence against Spanish and American rule and was executed by firing squad in 1896.
Jose Rizal
A literary theme reflecting the harsh realities of economic hardship and the fight for social change.
Poverty
On April 9, 1942, tens of thousands of Filipino and American soldiers were forced to march under brutal conditions, resulting in many deaths during World War II.
Bataan Death March
A famous Filipino traitor who sided with the Japanese during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines in World War II, his actions made him widely reviled and labeled a "puppet" of the enemy.
Former President of the Second Philippine Republic, Jose P. Laurel
A literary theme influenced by the disillusionment and horror soldiers faced, revealing the deep psychological effects of war.
Traumas of war or PTSD
On July 4, 1946, the American flag is lowered as the Philippine flag is raised. What does this event signify?
The independence of the Philippines from American rule.
This Filipino hero and guerrilla leader led resistance forces against the Japanese occupation in World War II and is remembered for his bravery and leadership.
José Abad Santos