Statistical Techniques
A statistical test used to compare the means of two independent groups
What is a t-test?
The variable that the researcher manipulates in an experiment
What is the independent variable?
A sampling method where every individual has an equal chance of being selected
What is simple random sampling?
The type of validity that concerns whether a test measures what it claims to measure
What is construct validity?
The hypothesis that assumes no effect or relationship in a study
What is the null hypothesis?
This technique assesses the relationship between two or more predictor variables and one outcome variable
What is regression analysis?
The level of measurement that includes categories without any specific order
What is a nominal scale?
The process of dividing a population into subgroups and selecting individuals from each subgroup
What is stratified sampling?
This type of validity refers to the degree to which study results can be generalized to other settings or groups
What is external validity?
The probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis, also known as a "false positive"
What is a Type I error?
A statistical method used to compare means across three or more groups
What is ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)?
The variable that changes in response to the independent variable
What is the dependent variable?
A sampling method where only those who are easy to contact are selected
What is convenience sampling?
A type of reliability where different raters provide consistent measurements
What is inter-rater reliability?
The threshold value that determines statistical significance in hypothesis testing
What is the p-value?
A test used to examine the association between categorical variables
What is a chi-square test?
This type of reliability measures the consistency of a test over time
What is test-retest reliability?
The term for selecting a sample from a population so each subset of the population is represented proportionally
What is quota sampling?
The threat to validity that occurs when participants drop out of a study in a non-random manner
What is attrition bias?
A Type of confidence interval that provides a range within which the true parameter value is expected to fall
What is a 95% confidence interval?
The statistical technique that adjusts for multiple comparisons to prevent Type I errors
What is the Bonferroni correction?
A scale of measurement that represents order but does not have a true zero, such as temperature in Celsius
What is an interval scale?
The recommended sampling method for achieving generalizable results when dealing with a large population
What is probability sampling?
The type of validity that refers to the soundness of the conclusions about causal relationships
What is internal validity?
This type of error occurs when a researcher fails to reject a false null hypothesis
What is a Type II error?