Cell Cycle
What are the three main stages of the cell cycle?
Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis
What is the first stage of mitosis?
Prophase
What is the main purpose of meiosis?
to produce gametes with half the number of chromosomes
What is a monohybrid cross?
a cross between two organisms to determine the possible outcomes using ONE trait
What is a dihybrid cross?
a cross between two organisms to determine the possible outcomes using TWO trait
During which stage does DNA replication occur?
Interphase, S-phase
What happens during metaphase?
sister chromatids align in the center of the cell
During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate?
Anaphase 1
What term describes the genetic makeup of an organism? the alleles (letters) it carries.
Genotype
What is the purpose of a Punnett square in genetics?
to predict the possible genotypes of offspring
What is the role of checkpoints in the cell cycle?
used to ensure proper cell division and prevent errors
What is the role of spindle fibers during mitosis?
to help separate the chromosomes and pull them to opposite ends of the cell.
What happens during crossing over in meiosis?
the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?
homozygous has two identical alleles, while heterozygous has two different alleles
If a plant has the genotype RrYy, what gametes can it produce?
RY, Ry, rY, and ry
What are two reasons why cells undergo the cell cycle and mitosis?
Growth and Repair
Describe what happens during telophase.
the chromosomes begin to uncoil and the nuclear envelope re-forms
How many daughter cells are produced at the end of meiosis?
four
If a pea plant is heterozygous for flower color (Pp), what are the possible gametes it can produce?
P or p
In a dihybrid cross, if both parents are heterozygous for two traits (RrYy x RrYy), what fraction of the offspring are expected to be homozygous recessive for both traits?
1/16
What happens during cytokinesis?
the division of the cytoplasm into two distinct daughter cells
How does cytokinesis differ in plant and animal cells?
plant cells form a cell plate, while animal cells pinch the cytoplasm inwards
What is the significance of meiosis in sexual reproduction?
Creates gametes and increases genetic diversity among offspring
If a homozygous dominant plant (PP) is crossed with a homozygous recessive plant (pp), what will be the genotype of the F1 generation?
all offspring will be heterozygous (Pp
Explain how independent assortment relates to dihybrid crosses
alleles for different traits segregate independently during gamete formation