Cells
What is the basic unit of life?
The cell
What organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?
Mitochondria
What is the first step in the protein secretory pathway?
Synthesis of proteins on ribosomes
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
Name one major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus
Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?
Ribosome
Where do proteins go after they are synthesized on ribosomes?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
What level of protein structure is characterized by the sequence of amino acids?
What is one key component of the cell theory?
All living organisms are composed of cells
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins
After the Golgi apparatus, where are proteins usually sent?
Outside the cell
Describe the role of hydrogen bonds in protein structure.
They help stabilize the secondary and tertiary structures of proteins
How do plant cells differ from animal cells?
Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts, while animal cells do not
Name the organelle that contains digestive enzymes.
Lysosome
What role do vesicles play in the protein secretory pathway?
They transport proteins to and from the Golgi apparatus
What is denaturation, and how does it affect proteins?
The process where proteins lose their structure and, consequently, their function due to external stressors.
Describe the role of the plasma membrane in cell function.
It regulates what enters and exits the cell, maintaining homeostasis
Which organelle is involved in the synthesis of lipids?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Describe the process of exocytosis in the context of the protein secretory pathway.
Vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to release their contents outside the cell
Explain why some proteins have different optimal pH in the human digestive system.
The optimal pH of the protein depends on the surrounding environment. The mouth has neutral pH, so amylase has an optimal pH of 7. The stomach is a highly acidic environment, so pepsin has an optimal pH of 2.