The Renaissance
Who is known as the "Father of Humanism" and helped spark the Renaissance by rediscovering classical texts?
Who is Petrarch
Which reformer challenged the Catholic Church by posting his 95 Theses?
Who is Martin Luther
Which scientist was put on trial for insulting geocentrists and refusing to call heliocentrism only a theory?
Who is Galileo
Which figure wrote "The Social Contract," teaching that we should reject tradition and "go back to nature"?
Who is Rousseau
What event marked the beginning of the French Revolution, with representatives pledging to create a constitution?
What is the Tennis Court Oath
What invention by Johannes Gutenberg revolutionized the spread of ideas during the Renaissance?
The printing press
What is the doctrine associated with John Calvin that emphasizes God’s preordained plan for salvation? This means that people's free will does not cooperate with God for their salvation.
What is predestination
Who is known as the father of modern physics and calculus, famous for his laws of motion?
Who is Isaac Newton
What political theory, opposed by Enlightenment thinkers, claimed that monarchs could not be challenged since they received authority directly from God?
What is "Divine Right of Kings"
What was the Reign of Terror?
What is "a period of extreme violence where political enemies were executed by the guillotine"
In 1453, the fall of which city led to the spread of Greek scholars and classical knowledge, fueling the Renaissance?
Constantinople
Which council was convened by the Catholic Church to respond to the Reformation?
What is the Council of Trent
Which philosopher is associated with the statement "I think, therefore I am"?
Who is Rene Descartes
What document, passed after the Glorious Revolution, limited the powers of the English monarchy?
What is the English Bill of Rights
What were the two rival factions of the French Revolution, one moderate and one radical?
What is "Girondins (moderate) and Jacobins (radical)
Who is Machiavelli
King Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic Church after not being granted a divorce in 1534. After his schism, he gave himself what title?
What is "Head of the Catholic Church in England"
What does "I think therefore I am" mean in context?
For Enlightenment thinkers, what was the main problem with "pure democracy": making decisions only by what the majority of people vote?
What is "pure democracies take away minority rights given by God"
Which castle did revolutionaries storm in open rebellion to the French Monarchy?
What is the Bastille
Which thinker published critical editions of the New Testament and emphasized humanist values in education? He was a great friend of St. Thomas More and believed all leaders should lead with virtue rather than power.
Who is Erasmus
Which Czech priest and reformer was executed for heresy and later influenced Martin Luther?
Who is Jan Hus
Why was Christopher Columbus betrayed and imprisoned by his own crew in the New World?
What philosophy from the Middle Ages did Enlightenment thinkers oppose, since it depended on old authorities?
What is Scholasticism
Why was Pope Pius VII kidnapped by Napoleon?