Chapter 9
Relationships
Relationships
This theory states that people think about the rewards they can obtain from alternative relationships to evaluate their relationship.
Social exchange
This effect describes to the tendency to increasingly like a stimulus the more frequently it is encountered.
Mere exposure effect
This theoretical perspective can be used to understand Anju's behavior: Anju feels pride and a boost in selfesteem when her soccer team scores a goal, and expresses anger when the opposing team scores.
Motivational perspective
These are the three steps of Zajonc's model of social facilitation
Mere presence -- arousal -- dominant response
A 4-year old gives a toy to her crying sister with the hopes that her father will see her sharing. Which motive best describes her behavior?
Social reward
This type of distance has a stronger effect than physical distance. In one study, students were more likely to become friends with their desk partner than other students in the room who were also within the same physical distance. Consider the results of Westgate West apartment complex!
Functional
Identify a practice that researchers identified that can strengthen romantic relationships.
Capitalize on the good; playful; idealization
This theory represents the idea that group conflict, prejudice, and discrimination are likely to arise over competition between groups of limited resources and is part of the economic perspective.
Realistic group conflict theory
This term refers to a reduced sense of personal identity accompanied by diminished selfregulation that can come over people when they are in a large group.
Deindividuation
Identify an aspect of the SITUATION that affects the likelihood that someone will help a person in need.
late/on time; presence of others; amount of cost to assist; how others are responding; vivid awareness of events; seeing someone's reaction; geographic region
These are the 3 determinants of commitment according to the Investment Model of Commitment.
Satisfaction, alternative partner availability, magnitude of investment
Which of the following predicts greater relationship dissatisfaction? stonewalling; high self-esteem; few expressions of contempt; low sensitivity to rejection; younger age at marriage; high levels of neuroticism
stonewalling; younger age at marriage; high levels of neuroticism
This paradigm, aligned with the motivational perspective, is demonstrated when researchers assemble arbitrary groups to study how the members behave toward one another.
Minimal group paradigm
This is the cause of group polarization described in the following statement: Group discussion tends to expose an average person to new lines of reasoning that strengthen the position they were leaning toward.
Persuasive arguments
Kidney donation donors 3x more likely to engage in altruistic act for relative (73%) vs. nonrelative (27%), which supports one evolutionary explanation for altruistic behavior.
Kin selection
This term from the Social Exchange theory refers to expectations people have about what they should get out of a relationship.
Comparison level
This is the attitudinal and affective component of bias in intergroup relationships.
Prejudice
This hypothesis is the idea that bringing together people of different races and ethnicities will lead to reduced prejudice and discrimination. It does appear to have support, but only when certain conditions are met in addition to the straightforward bringing together of groups.
Contact hypothesis
This concept is illustrated in the following example related to group decision making: Patricia thought the prom theme that her committee came up with was offensive, but she kept quiet because she didn’t want to rock the boat.
Self-censorship
This hypothesis suggests that we are more likely to help others of the same race or ethnicity, which supports findings that people are more likely to receive help in a rural area.
Diversity hypothesis
This theory is based on the idea that people are motivated to pursue fairness in their relationships.
Equity theory
The Age IAT measures this to compare responses to old/good versus old/bad.
reaction times
This concept describes the tendency to perceive outgroup members as being more similar to each other than the members of one's own group.
Outgroup homogeneity effect
This concept refers to faulty thinking by members of highly cohesive groups, in which critical scrutiny of the issues at hand is subverted by social pressures to reach consensus.
Groupthink
According to longitudinal work on volunteering, it may be better to ____ than to ____!
give; receive