Rulers and Power
What was the main reason land based empires were successful in expanding their territory?
GUNPOWDER: it gave them an advantage against other empires because it let them use powerful weapons and firearms.
What was the route that the Europeans believed that led them to Asia that instead led them to discover America?
North West Passage.
What was traded on the Colombian Exchange? (Name at least 3)
New diseases, food (wheat, grapes, meat, potatoes), plants (tobacco, sugarcane, maize) and animals (horses), were all exchanged between the Easter and Western Hemispheres.
What was the labor system in Peru and how the the Spaniards change it?
The Incas used the Mit'a system, which required all citizens to dedicate a certain amount of time to work on public projects. However, to make a profit off of the silver mines, the Spaniards turned this practice into a forced labor system where Incans were sent to do dangerous work in the mines.
This classical civilization used the stars to navigate and inspired Europeans to invent astronomical charts that advanced maritime travel?
The Greeks.
What does it mean for the rulers to consolidate their power?
Rulers strengthened and centralize their authority leading to a secure governing administration, while eliminating opposing sources of power.
How did boats contribute to increased maritime expansion?
Boats contributed to the increase of maritime expansion because they allowed people to travel long distances in shorter times, which benefited intercontinental trading. This allowed interaction between many different societies and led to new discoveries and cross-cultural interactions, such as the introduction of the European horse into Native American culture.
What is one positive and one negative aspect of the Europeans bringing horses to the Americas?
POSITIVE: Horses let Indigenous people hunt more efficiently, giving a surplus of food and warfare advantage against other tribes.
NEGATIVE: Horses, and other animals from Europe, didn't have any natural predators in the Americas so their grazing caused major environmental conflicts because they ate everything.
How did enslavement affect women during this period?
When slaves were being purchased, oftentimes more men were made to do outdoor work in the fields while women were forced to do domestic work because it was perceived that women were less capable and more fragile compared to men. When women worked in the houses, they were susceptible to sexual assault and harassment from their enslavers.
What idea led European nations to believe that they were entitled to conquer foreign territories in order to convert native people to Christianity? *Two words
Divine Right.
How did rulers consolidate their power? Give 2 examples.
Rulers used art, religion, architecture to control their people as they ruled. Rulers used religion to unify the citizens of their country and reduce the chance of rebellion, such as how the Safavid Empire used Shia Islam to justify fighting the Ottoman Sunni Muslims. Art was used to spread religious messages and create a powerful image of the ruler, an example being the depictions of the king and Christian saints in France and Spain. Finally, architecture was used to show off the wealth and importance of the government and leader.
What events lead Christopher Columbus to 'discovering' the Americas?
5 POINT BONUS: What are these Trans-Atlantic interactions called?
The Spanish accidentally found the Americas when their trading rivals prevented them from getting to the Indian Ocean, so they went out in search of their own route by traveling west. What they didn't know was that the Americas were in the way, which led them to exploit the continent's resources and establish a prosperous trading system called the Columbian Exchange.
What was the motivation for this sea exploration? (Remember the 3 G's)
Gold, God, and Glory. Other Europeans nations became envious because they also wanted a piece of the new territory.
What was monocrop agriculture and why was it used?
5 BONUS POINT: What was the most valuable crop in America?
Monocrop agriculture was when a plantation only grew one crop, which allowed them to have more efficient harvests and greater profits. However, this led to larger plantations and more labor, necessitating the unjust enslavement of more people. The most valuable crop in America was sugarcane because it had a wide variety of uses in Europe.
What is the term that describes the widespread migration of Africans into America that resulted in new ideas such as creole language, jazz and gospel music, and gumbo?
African Diaspora
What was the main cause of conflict between the Ottoman and Safavid Empires?
Conflicting religious beliefs: While both were Muslim, the Ottoman Empire was Sunni and believed the leader should be elected, while Safavid Empire was Shia and believed the leader should be blood relative to prophet Muhammad. These conflicts in their beliefs lead to many disagreements and territorial disputes throughout this time period.
What negative effects did the European settlers bring upon the Indigenous people of America?
Since the Indigenous people had no exposure to European diseases, many perished when they were exposed to the European germs. In addition to this, Indigenous people were also unprepared to face the European's gunpowder weapons and guns, giving them a major disadvantage in battle.
What is a positive and negative aspect of the European's bringing new plants to the Americas?
NEGATIVE: New plants, like animals, had no natural predators and often replaced and took nutrients from native species.
POSITIVE: The new world adopted foods from the other places, which became staples in their diets and led to population growth and increased life expectancy.
What are the four different types of labor systems?
Chattel Slavery (slaves were seen as objects)
Indentured Servitude (laborers work without a salary for specific period of time)
Encomienda System (Spanish conquistadors enslaved non-Christian people)
Hacienda System (large Spanish estates where slaves worked)
In the 15th century, this country had control over European trade with Asia, leading other European countries to search out new routes to the Indian Ocean and eventually “discovering” the Americas?
Italy.
How did politics influence the labor systems in Europe compared to the Americas?
5 BONUS POINTS: What was the revolt in New Mexico called where the Indigenous tribes fought back against Spanish colonizers and their forced labor?
Feudalism in Europe was a result of the alliances between lords and monarchs and knights, while manorialism occurred when peasants were bound to the land in exchange for food and protection from the lord's military forces.
In the Americas, royals in Europe sponsored the search for spices and precious metals, which resulted in increased competition and mercantilism practices (the government controlled the economy).
BONUS: The Pueblo Revolt occurred when the Apache and the Pueblo tribes revolted against the Spaniards' attempts to convert them to Christianity.
Name four new adopted technologies during this time period?
5 POINT BONUS: If you can name where the technology originated.
Magnetic compass (China)
Astrolabe (Arabs)
Lateen sail (Arab merchants)
Improved astronomical charts (Muslims BUT built on classical Greek astronomy)
Name 2 European diseases and how they affected the Indigenous population?
The Indigenous people had not yet built up immunity to European diseases such as Malaria and smallpox, causing them to quickly fall sick and become defenseless against European conquistadors.
What main events contributed to the creation of racial slavery?
1 POINT BONUS : How did Racial slavery lead to unjust societal norms?
1. Colonization: colonizers didn't respect Indigenous people.
2. Mono-crop agriculture: Mass consumption led to more production and more work.
3. Labor shortages: Many Indigenous people were killed off from disease and escaped, so colonizers captured more Africans to do their labor.
BONUS: Slavery was identified with blackness leading to justification of brutality towards black people and them being seen as lesser than for a long time after.
This invention was originally created in China for fortune-telling purposes but was later used in navigational purposes by Europeans and helped them expand their territory overseas and establish settlements in the Asante Empire, Calicut, and Jamestown?
Compass.