Epinephrine
Epinephrine is often used to treat this severe allergic reaction.
Anaphylaxis
Acetylcholine acts at nicotinic receptors in these autonomic ganglia.
both sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia
Chronic stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors by phenylephrine can lead to this nasal condition.
rhinitis medicamentosa (rebound congestion)
Epinephrine works by stimulating these types of adrenergic receptors.
Both alpha and beta receptors
This enzyme rapidly breaks down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft.
acetylcholinesterase
Phenylephrine can cause this side effect due to excessive vasoconstriction.
hypertension
The metabolism of epinephrine is primarily mediated by these two enzymes.
monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
The release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction is dependent on this ion.
calcium (Ca²⁺
This drug is used to reverse the effects of cholinergic toxicity.
atropine
At high doses, epinephrine predominantly activates this receptor type, leading to vasoconstriction.
alpha-1 adrenergic receptors
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are found in these two major locations.
the heart and smooth muscle
This drug, an acetylcholine ester, is used to test bronchial hyperreactivity in asthma.
methacholine
Epinephrine has a dose-dependent effect. At low doses, it primarily stimulates these receptors.
Beta
Acetylcholine acts directly on this specific receptor subtype to decrease heart rate.
M2 muscarinic receptors
Why beta blockers should be avoided in asthma and COPD?
can exacerbate bronchoconstriction