Organelles
In a pathway in this organelle, cyanide can bind to complex IV [[FOUR]] and lead to asphyxia. They’re not chloroplasts, but it is believed that these organelles arose from the endosymbiosis of a prokaryotic cell and aerobic bacteria. People derive these organelles from egg cells, so DNA passed down through them is maternal. For the point, name this organelle in which most of the body’s ATP is generated, leading to its nickname, the “powerhouse of the cell.”
What is MITOCHONDRIA
This structure is above the Moho discontinuity, which separates it from the layer below. The outer part of the lithosphere is made up of this layer, which comes in oceanic and continental forms. This structure is generated at mid-ocean ridges and destroyed at subduction zones and is primarily composed of silica and oxygen. Resting atop the mantle, for the point, name this outermost layer of the Earth’s surface.
what is CRUST
This can be found in various forms: kinetic, potential, electric, magnetic, thermal, mechanical, and more. For the point, what gives the ability to do work?
what is ENERGY
what is the era we are living in right now?
An assumption of this theory is that differential fitness is heritable, and the main proponent of this theory was influenced by Malthus. Analogous structures are created in the convergent form of this process, and genetic variation is a pre-requisite for this process to occur. Theorized to occur via natural selection, for the point, what is this theory about inherited changes in populations over time which was put forward by Charles Darwin?
theory of evolution
The nucleolus is known for its synthesis of these organelles. Mitochondria have their own versions of these organelles which have an A, P, and E site. A nucleic acid with a clover leaf structure brings amino acids to this organelle, and the rough endoplasmic reticulum has these organelles attached to it. tRNA and mRNA are involved in translation, a process that happens in, for the point, what organelles which manufacture cellular proteins?
what are RIBOSOMES
Extremely viscous types of this substance can form coulées. Common forms of this substance include ʻaʻā [[AH-AH]] and pahoehoe [[pah-HOE-ay-HOE-ay]]. When released underwater, this substance can form its "pillow" variety. Extrusive igneous rocks such as pumice are formed by the cooling of this substance. Prior to being ejected, this substance is known as magma. For the point, name this molten rock which is ejected by volcanoes.
what is LAVA
This extraction technique involves injecting liquid at high pressure to release oil and natural gas from shale rock. For the point, name this controversial process.
what is FRACKING
this event signaled the beginning of animal evolution in the Paleozoic era. what is this ____ explosion?
what is CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION
A poem written after one of these events states "one thing at least is certain, light has weight." That poem was written by Arthur Eddington, who tested the theory of general relativity during one of these events. Jules Janssen and Norman Lockyer discovered helium in a spectral line during one of these events. For the point, “solar” and “lunar” are types of what celestial events in which light from the sun is blocked?
Because the model organism Chlamydomonas has a single, large one of these organelles, mutants lacking carotenoids are easy to spot. Mesophyll tissue is rich in this organelle whose stroma contains rubisco enzyme for the Calvin cycle, and whose thylakoid membranes are the location of light-dependent reactions. Oxygen gas is released from, for the point, which green organelles of plant cells, the sites of photosynthesis?
what are CHLOROPLASTS
This region's lower part contains the D-double-prime layer while peridotite and olivine are prevalent in its upper part. The boundary between the lithosphere and asthenosphere is in this region. P waves can pass through this region but not the layer beneath it. “Plumes” in this region may drive its convection which causes seafloor spreading. For the point, name this layer of the earth above the outer core and below the crust
what is MANTLE
This type of energy is harnessed by capturing the energy released through the splitting of atoms, also known as atomic fission. What is this type of energy?
what is NUCLEAR ENERGY
These marine invertebrates create reefs that support diverse ecosystems. They live in symbiosis with algae and form calcium carbonate structures. For the point, name these organisms.
what are CORALS
According to legend, this thinker drowned one of his students for discovering irrational numbers. This thinker provided the earliest account of music of the spheres and discovered the relationship between mathematical ratios and musical intervals. This thinker's namesake theorem is stated as A squared plus B squared equals C squared. For the point, name this ancient Greek philosopher who names a theorem in geometry used for finding the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle.
Pythagoras
This network of membranes is involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids. It comes in smooth and rough varieties, with the latter being studded with ribosomes. For the point, name this organelle.
endoplasmic reticulum
this is the boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle, identified by a distinct change in seismic wave velocity as they pass through different rock densities; essentially marking the dividing line between the lighter crust and denser mantle below it
what is MOHO
This substance is turned into more useable forms through fluid catalytic cracking. The Bakken formation contains this substance's namesake kind of shale. In Alberta, Canada, this substance is extracted in the form of bitumen [[BIT-yoo-men]] from a namesake kind of sand. This substance can be fractionally distilled into substances such as asphalt, kerosene, or gasoline. For the point, name this liquid fossil which is mined by drilling at namesake wells.
This climatic period peaked around 22,000 years ago and ended roughly 11,700 years ago. Geographic extent of ice sheet and glacier coverage on Earth’s surface peaked. Some 8 percent of the planet’s total surface was covered in ice, and sea levels were approximately 125 metres (410 feet) lower than those of the present day. For the point, name this period.
what is LAST GLACIAL PERIOD
This quantity is defined as the negative logarithm of a solution’s proton concentration. Mixing compounds with a large difference in this value can lead to a neutralization reaction. A solution’s value for this quantity can be estimated with an indicator, and changes in this quantity are modulated by buffer solutions. For the point, name this scale which ranges from one to fourteen with low values for acids and high values for bases?
pH scale
During mitosis, chromosomes condense within these organelles which are surrounded by a double membrane known as their "envelope." Pore complexes allow RNA to travel in and out of these organelles, and these organelles are sometimes called the "control center" of the cell. For the point, name these organelles, which contain the cell's genetic information.
cell nucleus
This is the point on the Earth's surface that is directly above the hypocenter, or focus, of an earthquake
This form of electromagnetic radiation has the shortest wavelength and highest energy in the electromagnetic spectrum. It is often produced during nuclear decay and is used in cancer treatment and sterilization. For the point, name this type of radiation, stronger than X-rays.
Gamma Rays
During the Cretaceous period, this ancient ancestor of birds thrived as the apex predator.
what is T. rex
The reproductive cycles of these entities can be described as lytic or lysogenic. Surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid, examples of these entities that infect bacteria are often called "phages." Infections caused by these pathogens cannot be treated with antibiotics, and thus they are often countered with vaccines. Smallpox and measles are caused by, for the point, which pathogens, examples of which include HIV and influenza?
viruses