Skin Deep
(Derm)
(Derm)
Time Will Tell
(Medical History)
(Medical History)
Itching for Answers
(Allergy)
(Allergy)
Live Lung and Prosper
(Pulm)
(Pulm)
Use Your Head (Neuro)
100
Viral cause of plantar warts
Human papilloma virus
100
What was the first antibiotic discovered (+100 when +/- 3 years and +100 by whom?)
Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 through a combination of serendipity and keen observation. While working at St. Mary's Hospital in London, Fleming noticed that a Petri dish containing Staphylococcus bacteria had been contaminated by a mold, later identified as Penicillium notatum. He observed that the bacteria surrounding the mold were being lysed, indicating the presence of an antibacterial substance. Fleming isolated the mold and identified the substance it produced, which he named penicillin, noting its potential to kill a wide range of bacteria.
100
What is the most common food allergen in children in the United States? (Can you name top 3 for +100 each)
Among food-allergic children, the prevalence of allergy was highest for peanut (25.2%), followed by milk (21.1%) and shellfish (17.2%). [Pediatrics]
100
Which pulmonary function test parameter is primarily used to diagnose obstructive lung diseases such as asthma and COPD? (+100 cutoff)
FEV1/FVC ratio
The FEV1/FVC (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second/Forced Vital Capacity) ratio cutoff for diagnosing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is <0.7.
100
What artery is most commonly involved in an ischemic stroke?
Middle cerebral artery (MCA)
200
Medical term for this condition known as the 'mask of pregnancy' 
Melasma
200
Practice introduced by Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis in 1850 to decrease transmission of peri-partum fever. Very controversial at the time.
Hand hygiene (accept hand washing)
200
Term for type of immunity that does not depend on the introduction of a foreign agent or antigen into the body to induce immune mechanism development
Innate Immunity
200
Substance implicated in vaping-related lung injury
Vitamin E acetate (accept vitamin E)
200
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the majority of the motor functions of the tongue?
Hypoglossal nerve (Cranial Nerve XII)
300
Gottron's papules and a heliotrope rash are seen in what autoimmune condition?
Dermatomyositis
300
What is this historical diagnostic device (double points--Who was the inventor? 
Stethoscope--Rene Laennec (accept Laennec)
300
Most common autoimmune disorder associated with inherited complement deficiency
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
This association is particularly strong with deficiencies in the early components of the classical complement pathway, such as C1q, C4, and C2. Among these, C2 deficiency is the most frequent hereditary deficiency in the classical pathway and is associated with SLE in approximately 10% of cases.
300
Effect of early intra-pulmonary hemorrhage on diffusing capacity measurement
In cases of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, the presence of blood within the alveoli can lead to an increased DLCO. This is due to the increased availability of hemoglobin within the alveolar space, which binds carbon monoxide more readily, thus artificially elevating the DLCO measuremen
300
A 16-year-old boy presents with progressive gait ataxia, loss of vibration and proprioception in the lower extremities, and scoliosis.
Genetic testing shows a GAA trinucleotide repeat expansion in the FXN gene.
Friedreich’s ataxia
400
Term for hair loss resulting from early entry of the hair follicle into the resting phase
Telogen Effluvium
400
First human organ to be successfully transplanted between identical twins (200--What year +/3) (200--Where?)
Kidney (in 1954 by Joseph Murray at the Brigham & Women's Hospital)
400
Systemic infection associated with markedly increased risk for sulfonamide drug reactions
Human immunodeficiency virus infection (accept HIV infection)
Patients with HIV have a significantly higher incidence of hypersensitivity reactions to sulfonamide antibiotics, such as sulfamethoxazole, compared to the general population. This increased risk is thought to be due to altered drug metabolism and immune dysregulation in HIV-infected individuals.
400
Name for the finding of bilateral hilar and right paratracheal lymph nodes on plain chest radiography in sarcoidosis
Garland sign (accept Garland triad, 1-2-3 sign, Pawnbrokers sign)
400
What is the most commonly diagnosed brain cancer in USA? (+200 what percentage of all malignant CNS cancers? +/-5%; +200 5-year survival rate +/-5%)
glioblastoma.
According to the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS), glioblastoma accounts for approximately 50.1% of all malignant brain and other central nervous system (CNS) tumors. This malignancy is more prevalent in males compared to females and has a notably poor prognosis, with a five-year relative survival rate of around 35.7%.
500
What is the pathognomonic sign of pemphigus vulgaris that involves the extension of a blister when pressure is applied to the edge?
Nikolsky’s sign
Named after Russian Nikolai Nikolsky due to his groundbreaking observations in 1884, which were documented in his seminal work on pemphigus. Nikolsky studied patients with blistering skin diseases and described the phenomenon of epidermal detachment caused by minimal mechanical pressure. His observations helped clarify the pathophysiology of pemphigus vulgaris, a disease that was poorly understood at the time.
500
Chemical warfare agent that led to the use of alkylating agents for treatment of leukemia
Mustard gas (also known as sulfur mustard) was the chemical warfare agent that led to the development of alkylating agents for the treatment of leukemia. The discovery of its cytotoxic effects on rapidly dividing cells, particularly in the bone marrow, prompted further research into its potential therapeutic applications. This research ultimately led to the development of nitrogen mustard, the first alkylating agent used in cancer chemotherapy.
500
What is the name of the phenomenon where allergic symptoms are triggered by exercise following the ingestion of a specific food?
Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA) is a distinct form of anaphylaxis that occurs when a specific food is ingested prior to physical exercise.
The most common food triggers include wheat [wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (WDEIA)], shellfish, and other allergens. Exercise is the primary trigger, but other factors such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and alcohol can exacerbate the condition.
Patients should avoid consuming the trigger food for at least 4-6 hours before exercise.
500
Pneumoconiosis with highest risk for TB infection
Silicosis
500
This syndrome, caused by a stroke in the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, results in ipsilateral facial numbness and ataxia, with contralateral body pain and temperature loss.
Wallenberg syndrome
Wallenberg syndrome, also known as lateral medullary syndrome, is a neurological condition caused by an infarction in the lateral part of the medulla oblongata. This infarction is typically due to occlusion of the vertebral artery or the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA).[1-2]
Characteristic Clinical Features:
• Ipsilateral Horner's syndrome: Ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis.
• Ipsilateral cerebellar signs: Ataxia, dysmetria, and intention tremor.
• Ipsilateral facial sensory loss: Loss of pain and temperature sensation on the same side of the face.
• Contralateral body sensory loss: Loss of pain and temperature sensation on the opposite side of the body.
• Dysphagia and dysarthria: Due to involvement of the nucleus ambiguus.
• Vertigo, nausea, and vomiting: Due to involvement of the vestibular nuclei.
• Hiccups: Due to involvement of the medullary centers.