Enzymes and Digestion
Name the enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose.
Amylase
Name the organ where most nutrient absorption occurs.
Small intestine
Name the liquid part of the blood.
Plasma
What is the function of the phloem?
Transports sugars and amino acids
What is the primary waste product excreted by the lungs?
Carbon dioxide
What is the optimum pH for pepsin?
pH 2
What is the role of bile in digestion?
Bile emulsifies fats, increasing the surface area for enzyme action
Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
Pulmonary vein
Which mineral is essential for chlorophyll production?
Magnesium
Name the organ that filters blood and produces urine.
Kidneys
Name the enzyme produced by the pancreas to digest lipids.
Lipase
Identify two consequences of protein deficiency.
Stunted growth and weakened immunity
Describe how white blood cells defend the body against pathogens.
They engulf pathogens (phagocytosis) and produce antibodies
Explain how root hair cells are adapted for water absorption.
They have a large surface area and thin walls for efficient water and mineral absorption.
What happens to urea in the kidneys?
Urea is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in urine.
Explain how enzymes speed up chemical reactions.
Enzymes lower the activation energy of chemical reactions, speeding them up.
Explain the importance of fiber in the human diet.
Fiber helps move food through the digestive system and prevents constipation.
What is the function of platelets in the blood?
Platelets help blood clot to prevent excessive bleeding
What is the difference between transpiration and translocation?
Transpiration is the loss of water vapor from leaves, while translocation is the movement of sugars through the phloem.
How does the body excrete water besides urine production?
Water is also excreted through sweat and exhalation
What happens to enzyme activity when temperature exceeds its optimum?
The enzyme denatures, losing its shape and functionality
What are the consequences of a lack of Vitamin C?
Scurvy, which causes bleeding gums and poor wound healing
Compare and contrast the structure of veins and arteries.
Arteries have thick walls and carry blood under high pressure; veins have thin walls and valves to prevent backflow
Describe how a potometer can be used to measure transpiration rate.
A potometer measures water uptake, which is proportional to transpiration rate
Explain the role of the skin in thermoregulation and excretion
The skin helps excrete sweat and regulates body temperature by releasing heat