Blood & Circulation
What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?
120 days
Which side of the heart pumps oxygen-poor blood?
Right side
What tool can be used on someone experiencing sudden cardiac arrest?
AED (Automated External Defibrillator)
What muscle contracts to expand the lungs during inhalation?
Diaphragm
Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
Alveoli
What blood type has no agglutinogens?
O-
What is the smallest blood vessel in the body?
Capillary
What is the process of blood cell formation called?
Hematopoiesis
What structures carries oxygen-poor blood from the body to the right atrium?
Superior and inferior vena cava
What does an electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) measure?
Electrical activity of the heart
What structure does air pass through before entering the lungs?
Trachea
What process allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the blood and alveoli?
Simple diffusion
If someone has type A blood, what antibodies do they have?
Anti-B antibodies
What gas do we exhale in large amounts?
Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
What are the three types of circulatory circuits in the body?
Pulmonary, systemic, and coronary
What valve prevents backflow into the left ventricle?
Aortic valve
What is the function of serous fluid in the pericardial cavity?
Reduces friction as the heart contracts
What happens to lung volume and pressure when the diaphragm contracts?
Volume increases, pressure decreases
In the alveoli, what direction does oxygen move?
From the alveoli into the blood
What protein helps with clot formation and is produced in the liver?
Fibrin
What structure prevents food from entering the trachea?
Epiglottis
Name three factors that affect blood flow resistance.
Blood viscosity, vessel length, vessel diameter (diameter has the greatest impact)
Which heart chamber has the thickest myocardium (muscle)?
Left ventricle
What is blood pressure?
The force of blood against vessel walls
What is the purpose of the conducting zone?
To transport, warm, and moisten air before it reaches the lungs
What critical process requires oxygen at the cellular level?
Cellular respiration
What are the three steps of hemostasis?
Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation
Which lung has more lobes, and how many?
Right lung, 3 lobes
What ion allows hemoglobin to bind with oxygen?
Fe²⁺ (Iron ion)
What is the function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?
Initiates the action potential that causes the heart to beat
What causes the heart to pump out blood in the correct order?
Electrical event → pressure change → mechanical event → fluid movement
Order of ducts from the trachea to alveoli?
Trachea, Primary Bronchus, Secondary Bronchus, Tertiary Bronchus, Bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, Alveoli
What would happen if CO₂ built up too much in the blood?
Blood becomes acidic, leading to respiratory acidosis
What happens if a type A person receives type B blood?
Agglutination (clumping) occurs, causing a dangerous reaction
What does the P wave on an ECG represent?
Atrial depolarization