Ipta
This pharmaceutical company developed iptacopan
What is Novartis?
PNH is caused by mutations in this gene, leading to the absence of GPI-anchored proteins on red blood cells.
What is the PIGA gene?
This ancient military rivalry culminated in the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BCE, where a vastly outnumbered army triumphed.
Who were Alexander the Great and Darius III?
Ravulizumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits this complement protein, preventing terminal complement activation in PNH.
What is C5?
This tennis rivalry saw two of the greatest players face off 40 times, including three epic Wimbledon finals from 2006 to 2008.
Who are Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal?
Iptacopan is primarily used to treat this rare blood disorder, which causes the destruction of red blood cells.
What is PNH?
The two key complement regulatory proteins missing in PNH erythrocytes are CD55 and this other protein, which prevents the formation of the membrane attack complex.
What is CD59?
This 16th-century duel of minds between an English philosopher and a Catholic theologian led to the defining texts of the Protestant Reformation in England.
Who were Thomas More and Martin Luther?
It delivers immediate, complete and sustained terminal complement inhibition through 6 years.
What does ravulizumab do?
In boxing’s "Fight of the Century", this undefeated champion suffered his first career loss to his biggest rival in 1971 at Madison Square Garden.
Who is Muhammad Ali (losing to Joe Frazier)?
Iptacopan works by inhibiting this part of the complement system, preventing red blood cell destruction.
What is Factor B?
Intravascular hemolysis in PNH is driven by uncontrolled activation of this branch of the complement system.
What is the alternative complement pathway?
In the War of the Roses, these two rival houses fought for control of England’s throne until their conflict ended at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485.
Who were the House of York and the House of Lancaster?
The phase 3 study that led to the approval of ravulizumab in PNH demonstrated non-inferiority to eculizumab in these two primary efficacy endpoints.
What are lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) normalization and breakthrough hemolysis prevention?
This motorsport rivalry, spanning the late 1980s and early 1990s, was defined by high-speed clashes, dramatic crashes, and ultimate respect between two F1 champions.
Who are Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost?
In clinical trials, iptacopan was shown to improve this key blood measurement.
What is Hb level?
PNH can present with life-threatening thrombotic events, often in these unusual venous locations, including the hepatic veins.
What are the Budd-Chiari syndrome and cerebral veins?
This Cold War rivalry saw two superpowers race to achieve nuclear supremacy, leading to tense global standoffs like the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Who were the United States and the Soviet Union?
Ravulizumab binds to C5 at this specific site, preventing its cleavage into C5a and C5b.
What is the MG4 domain of C5?
This Australian swimmer, known as the “Thorpedo,” dominated the 2000 Sydney Olympics, winning three gold medals and breaking multiple world records.
Who is Ian Thorpe?
Unlike ecu and rav, which block terminal complement, iptacopan controls this stage of the complement cascade.
What is the proximal complement pathway?
The gold-standard diagnostic test for PNH involves flow cytometry to detect the absence of these two markers on red and white blood cells.
What are CD55 and CD59?
The 19th-century feud between these two industrial titans shaped the future of American business, one revolutionizing oil, the other steel.
Who were John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie?
The pivotal phase 3 trials that established ravulizumab’s efficacy in PNH were called these two studies.
What are the ALXN1210-PNH-301 and ALXN1210-PNH-302 trials?
This legendary cricketer, with a staggering 99.94 Test batting average, is widely regarded as the greatest batsman in history.
Who is Sir Donald Bradman?