K
what are the signs and symptoms of hypokalemia?
decreased b/p, orthostatic hypotension, leg cramps, shallow breathing, altered mental status
what is the normal sodium range?
135-145
What is the normal range for calcium?
9-10.5
define electrolytes
substances that carry a positive or negative charge when dissolved in water
what are causes of dehydration?
prolonged fever, insufficient water intake, excessive intake of salt
what is a cause of potassium imbalances?
diuretics can be a cause
If a patient presents with a blood sodium greater than 145, what are they considered?
hypernatremia
Causes of hypocalcemia?
inhibition of Ca absorption from GI tract, end-stage renal disease, alkalosis, wound drainage, diarrhea
Fluid outside of the cell?
extracellular
what is a cause of overhydration
water replacement without electrolyte replacement, inappropriate antidiuretic hormone.
what is the expected range of potassium?
3.5-5.0
What are some interventions for a hypernatremic patient?
encourage fluid intake, discourage sodium intake, administer loop diuretics as ordered
What are signs/symptoms of hypocalcemia?
bradycardia, hypotension, cramps, tetany, seizures
solutes outside of the cell are lower than what is within the cell
hypotonic solution
what are the expected findings of vital signs with fluid volume overload?
tachycardia, bounding pulse, hypertension, tachypnea
What is a good source of potassium?
dark leafy greens, beans, potatoes
What are severe hyponatremia complications?
Coma, seizure, respiratory arrest
Sources of calcium?
yogurt, milk, kale, orange juice
what are some nursing interventions for over hydration?
Monitor I&O, daily weight, sodium restriction, monitor breath sounds.
What are signs/symptoms of hyperkalemia?
slow weak heart rate, hypotension, dysrhythmias,
What are the nursing actions for a patient with hyponatremia?
1. elevate blood sodium level
2. maintain airway and monitor VS
3. administer 3% sodium chloride
4. monitor levels of consiousness
what are some nursing interventions for dehydration?
monitor I&O, IV rehydration therapy, monitor for changes in confusion