Cell DNA
DNA in cells must be organized for this process
What is cell division?
This is the fourth stage of mitosis
What is Anaphase?
This is the most important checkpoint, which checks for cell size, growth factors, and DNA damage
What is the G1 checkpoint?
Protein that synthesized and degraded at specific stages of the cell cycle
What are Cyclins?
This mass of excess tissue is caused by the uncontrollable growth of cancer cells
What is a tumor?
Copies of DNA joint together to form these
What are sister chromatids?
In this phase, centrosomes are at opposite poles and chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate
What is Metaphase?
What is the G0 phase?
Enzymes that are active when its specific cyclin is present that help regulate cell division
What are cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs).
These types of tumors are considered to be non-cancerous
What are benign tumors?
Strings of nucleosomes form these DNA structures
In this phase, chromatin condenses, nucleoli disappear, duplicated chromosomes appear as sister chromatids, mitotic spindle begins to form, and centrosomes move away from each other
What is Prophase?
If damage cannot be repaired before division, cells will be forced to undergo this process
What is apoptosis?
When cell surface receptors recognize contact with other cells and initiates a signal transduction pathway that stops the cell cycle in G1 phase.
What is contact inhibition?
On average, cancer cells accumulate 60 or more of these on genes that regulate cell growth
What are mutations?
When at rest, DNA is wrapped around these proteins
What are histones?
This is the stage of cell division where the nuclear membrane breaks down and protein attach to the chromosomes of chromosomes
What is Prometaphase?
A cell will proceed to Mitosis when cells pass through this checkpoint
What is the G2 checkpoint?
When cells rely on attachment to other cells or the extracellular matrix to divide
What is Anchorage Dependence?
Unlike cancer cells, which divide infinitely, normal cells divide this many times in petri dishes
What are 20-50 times?
This is a protein that links sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle
What is kinetochore?
Where vesicles, produced by the Golgi, travel to the middle of the cell and form a cell plate that splits the cell
What is Cytokinesis in Plant Cells?
This is the phase that checks for microtubule attachment to chromosomes at the kinetochores at metaphase
What is the M (Spindle) checkpoint?
Regulation of the cell cycle that involves an internal control system that consists of Cyclins and CDKs
What is Internal Cell Cycle Regulators?
This is the process of cells separating from a tumor and spreading elsewhere in the body
What is metastasis?