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In the evidence pyramid, which research design lies between Cross-sectional and Cohort studies?
Case-control
All are observational studies except:
1. case study design
2. cohort study design
3. crossover study design
4. case-control study design
crossover study design
other name for cross-sectional study design
"Photography"
List the types of randomization.
1. Simple randomization
2. Clustered randomization
3. Stratified randomization
Which of the following are characteristics of a cross-sectional study?
1. It is an observational study
2. It is a retrospective study
3. It is a prospective study
4. It is conducted at a given point in time
1, 4
Rank the types of research in order of increasing position in the evidence pyramid:
-Cross-sectional study,
-Expert opinion,
-Case-control,
-Randomized controlled trial
1, expert opinion,
2, cross-sectional study,
3, case-control study,
4, randomized controlled trial
List the types of experimental designs using the classifications you know.
Experimental design types:
Based on randomization:
Based on the presence of a control group:
Which research design is appropriate for studying the rare exposure?
Cohort
List the types and subtypes of observational studies:
Observational studies are categorized into descriptive and analytical studies.
Descriptive studies include:
Analytical studies include:
Which research design is used to calculate the prevalence rate?
Cross-sectional study
Clinical Trials Phase III
Describe:
Objective:
Number of participants:
Usual Study type:
Objective: To demonstrate efficacy and safety (including frequently occurring adverse effects) under long-term use conditions (up to 2–4 years).
Number of participants: Several thousand "real-world patients."
Study type: Multicenter randomized placebo-controlled trial.
____________________ simultaneously assesses both the factor and the outcome.
________________ is used for calculating the incidence rate/absolute risk.
________________ is used for hypothesis generation.
Cross-sectional study simultaneously assesses both the factor and the outcome.
Cohort study is used for calculating the incidence rate/absolute risk.
Cross-sectional study is used for hypothesis generation.
Arrange the following processes conducted during clinical trial phases in the correct sequence:
Determine the economic efficiency of the drug.
Determine the therapeutic dosage of the drug.
Conduct experiments on cells and tissues under laboratory conditions.
Determine the safety limits of the drug.
Conduct experiments on cells and tissues under laboratory conditions.
Determine the safety limits of the drug.
Determine the therapeutic dosage of the drug.
Determine the economic efficiency of the drug.
Which research design is suitable for studying rare diseases?
Case-control
You are studying the incidence of infectious diseases in oncology patients with immunodeficiency states as a result of chemotherapy.
You have collected data provided by the oncology medical center on all patients who underwent chemotherapy and those patients who underwent chemotherapy and who simultaneously developed a new infectious disease. You have access to data on 100 patients. The specificity of the infectious disease is not of interest to you, only its presence. Out of 100, 73 developed an infectious disease, most likely due to an immunodeficiency state.
What is the design type
Cross-sectional
True or False
1. Cross-sectional studies can detect cause-and-effect relationships
2. In a cohort study, we first look at the risk factor, then the outcome
3. In a crossover clinical trial, one group is the test group and the other is the control group
4. In a non-parallel controlled clinical trial, the results of treatment are compared with historical observational data for similar patients
1. wrong
2. right
3. wrong
4. right
List the ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES of a Randomized Clinical Trial.
Advantages:
- Double and fully blinded studies are the “gold standard” for clinical and interventional/epidemiological studies
- Bias is reduced: groups are comparable in all characteristics except the type of intervention
- It is possible to evaluate the outcome of single or multiple interventions and their interactions
Disadvantages:
Expensive and time-consuming
Ethical issues arise
Identify the main emerging biases in case-control studies.
- Information about exposure is based on memory, which can lead to errors (recall bias)
- In a retrospective study, the diagnosis of cases was made in the past, which can also lead to errors (selection bias)
- Clinical data may be incomplete or inconsistent (information bias)
When do we use a Case/Case Series as a research design?
Mention 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages
Advantages
- Can be performed by any doctor
- Inexpensive
- Can be used to develop a preliminary hypothesis
Disadvantages
- Small number of subjects
- Lack of a control group
- Lack of statistical validity
- Many of the hypotheses developed are incorrect
2 methods of controlling confounding factors
1. Methodological control
• Ensuring the identity of the distribution of confounding variables in the compared groups
• Randomization
• Restriction
• Matching
2. Analytical control
• Stratification
• Adjustment
• Regression modeling