Hemodynamics
What units do we use to measure blood pressure and what is the equation of hemodynamics
Millimeters of Mercury [mmHg]
Flow = Pressure Difference / Resistance
A normal blood pressure number would be
120/80
What happens to resistance when arteries become narrow
resistance increases
What is a sickle cell anemia?
When RBC form in a sickle shape instead of a disc. This leads to anemia as less RBC mean less oxygen being carried throughout the body.
Where does the smooth muscle responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation resides?
Tunica media
Blood pressure is manly the pressure exerted on the walls of this type of vessel
Artery
What is Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
This hormone acts in the heart to increase urine production, leading to decreased blood pressure
What are the three parts of hemostasis
1. Vascular spasm
2. Formation of platelet plug
3. Blood clotting (coagulation)
Factors that influence blood pressure.
Cardiac output - CO = HR x SV
Blood volume- amount of blood circulating within the body
Resistance - Vessel radius, Vessel length, Vessel Viscosity
Where are the main location for baroreceptors and chemoreceptors during blood pressure regulation.
Aortic arch and carotid arteries
Vasodilation in vessels causes resistance to
decrease
Antigens A and Rh are present on the RBC of people with this blood type.
These Anti- antibodies are found in the plasma of people with blood types A and O
The blood type of which no antigens are found on RBC
A+
Anti- B antibodies
O-
The three main factors that determine vascular resistance.
Blood vessel diameter, blood viscosity, and vessel length
The part of your brain primarily responsible for blood pressure regulation
Medulla Oblongata
Force opposing flow on blood in vessels
Systemic vascular resistance
Platelets
Thrombocytes, involved n blood clotting and repair/regeneration of connective tissues.
Mechanisms that assist in venous return
Valves,
Skeletal Muscle Pump,
Respiratory Pump
What does ADH do?
This hormones acts in the kidneys, stimulating the retention of more water from the urine, which increases blood pressure
Negative Feedback Loop:
Stimulus: Blood pressure decreases upon standing. Find the receptor, control center, Effector.
Receptor: Baroreceptors in the arch of the aorta and carotid sinus are stretched less,
Control Center: Medulla oblongata increases sympathetic output and decreases parasympathetic output.
Effector: Increased stroke volume and heart rate (Increases cardiac output) constriction of blood vessels (Increases resistance)
List all WBCs from most to least abundant, and their function.
Neutrophils - Destroy bacteria and other pathogens
Lymphocytes - Play a role in the immune response
Monocytes - Big eater cells , ingest pathogens , cancer cells. Increased during chronic infections,
Eosinophils - Help clear parasitic infections and mediate inflammation
Basophils - releases chemicals such as histamine, important to increase blood flow. Important in allergies and inflammation.