Chapter 1
During the prehistoric period, our ancestors believed that disease was caused by:
demons or evil spirits
In an experiment, the factor that may be influenced by the experimental treatment is the _____ variable.
dependent
_____ is/are the most frequent cause of trauma in men, and _____ is/are the most frequent source of trauma among women.
car accidents; sexual assault
Hunter typically feels most comfortable trying to actively and consciously evade any problem he is facing. He is using a(n) _____ coping method.
avoidance
Sonya suffers from chronic pancreatitis. Her doctor asks her to lower her intake of fatty foods and to record how she feels after eating in order to learn which foods trigger a flare-up. Sonya’s doctor is employing an intervention that relies on the principles of:
self-monitoring
According to Hippocrates, a healthy body and mind resulted from equilibrium among these four bodily fluids, called humors:
blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm.
The procedure used to help ensure that the experimental and control groups do not differ in any way that might affect the results of an experiment is called:
random assignment
According to the text, PTSD has been associated with poor health behaviors that play a role in the relationship between PTSD and chronic illness. This statement is an example of the:
indirect effect hypothesis
According to the _____ hypothesis, social support enhances the body’s physical responses to challenging situations.
direct effect
The hippocampus has large concentrations of receptors for:
cortisol
Bella wants to enroll in a graduate program to become a health psychologist. In this program she will have to take some research training courses and content courses based upon the biopsychosocial health model, but the bulk of the program is focused on clinical training experiences that will enable her to be licensed to counsel individuals. What type of program should she choose?
PsyD
A quantitative technique that combines the results of many different studies that examine the same effect or phenomenon is called a:
meta-analysis
In order, these are the three phases of the general adaptation syndrome:
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
_____ is considered the cornerstone of many modern relaxation procedures.
progressive muscle relaxation
Grayson has been diagnosed with prediabetes, and his dietician has suggested that he reduce the number of sugary snacks he consumes each day. To reduce his temptation to buy and consume these snacks, Grayson starts shopping at a local farmer’s market and subscribes to a healthy-eating blog. Grayson’s behavior demonstrates principles of a:
stimulus-control intervention
An epigenetic effect is an effect in which:
environmental forces affect how genes are expressed.
The Oregon Health Insurance Experiment, in which researchers were able to study the impact of Medicaid by using individuals who were allocated spots in the program based on a random lottery as the experimental group and those who were eligible but not chosen in the lottery as a control group, is an example of a(n):
quasi-experiment
Under instructions from the _____, the _____ gland(s) release hormones that cause the fight-or-flight response.
sympathetic nervous system; adrenal
When Marisa is feeling stressed, she seeks support and encouragement from her friends instead of obsessing over the stressors in her life. By doing this, she feels less stress and her coping skills are significantly improved. This example demonstrates the _____ hypothesis.
buffering
Animal research studies have shown that chronic stress leads to a dramatic shrinkage and loss of connectivity among neurons in one area of the:
q
prefrontal cortex
Women and men who feel connected to a network of caring friends are less likely to die of cancer than those who feel alienated from others. This finding underscores the importance of the _____ context in health.
social
In the early twentieth century, many experts incorrectly attributed the disease pellagra to unsanitary sewage removal instead of a dietary deficiency. Their failure to consider alternative explanations for the disease and to leap to an untested conclusion is the result of:
The condition of _____, as well as being a more prolonged activation of the _____ system, has been linked to the rate of cognitive decline in people with Alzheimer’s disease.
hypercortisolism; HPA
Psychologically distancing oneself from a stressor is an example of _____ coping.
emotion-focused
Discriminative stimuli are:
environmental signals that certain behaviors will be followed by reinforcement.