Types of Stress
What type of stress occurs when rocks are squeezed together, causing them to fold or fracture?
Compression
Which type of deformation allows rocks to return to their original shape after stress is removed?
Elastic deformation
Which type of fault occurs at divergent boundaries, where the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall?
Normal fault.
Which seismic waves are the fastest and can travel through solids, liquids, and gases?
P-Waves (Primary waves)
What is the recommended action to take if you are indoors during an earthquake?
Drop to your hands and knees, take cover under sturdy furniture, and hold on until shaking stops.
Which stress type involves rocks being pulled apart, leading to stretching and thinning?
Tension
The bending of rocks into folds due to compressional stress is known as what?
Folding
At which type of plate boundary do reverse and thrust faults typically occur?
Convergent boundaries
Which seismic waves cause ground motion perpendicular to their direction of travel and can only move through solids?
S-Waves (Secondary waves)
If you are outdoors during an earthquake, what is the safest place to be?
Move to an open area away from buildings, trees, and power lines.
Stress that causes rocks to slide past each other horizontally is known as what?
Shear stress
What term describes the breaking and displacement of rocks under stress?
Faulting
The San Andreas Fault is an example of which type of fault?
Strike-slip fault
What type of seismic waves travel along the Earth's surface and are typically the most destructive?
Surface waves (Love and Rayleigh waves)
What should you do if you are driving during an earthquake?
Pull over safely, stay inside the vehicle, and avoid stopping under overpasses or near buildings.
What is the result of rocks experiencing stress beyond their elastic limit, leading to permanent deformation?
Plastic deformation
The formation of mountains through the collision and convergence of tectonic plates primarily involves which deformation process?
Folding and thrust faulting
What is the term for the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake?
Epicenter
Which seismic wave causes particles to move in a rolling motion, similar to ocean waves?
Rayleigh waves
After an earthquake, what is a critical safety measure to take regarding gas lines?
Check for gas leaks and turn off the gas supply if you suspect a leak to prevent fires.
When rocks break due to stress, forming fractures without significant movement, this is referred to as what?
Fracture
What is the primary factor that determines whether rocks undergo elastic, plastic, or fracture deformation?
The amount and rate of stress applied, along with the rock's temperature and composition.
Which scale measures the magnitude of earthquakes based on the amplitude of seismic waves?
Richter scale
What is the term for the point beneath the Earth's surface where an earthquake originates?
Focus (hypocenter)
What is the term for a smaller earthquake that strikes several days or hours after the main earthquake?
Aftershock