BIOL 1610 Review 3!!

Transcription

100

What modification must take place at the 3' end of the pre-mRNA? (other name for it is hn-RNA, you don't need to know that though)

3' Poly A tail

200

Say I inhibited the protein production of Tyrosinase in the species Agaricus Bisporus at the Transcription level. What macromolecule specifically was inhibited?

RNA Polymerase

300

What is degeneracy? Why is it so important?

The concept that similar codons will code for the same Amino Acid so then if there are mutations (which happen a lot more than we realize), then there will be less mistakes

400

Predict the mRNA strand using the Non-template strand (ensure the directions are correct)

3'-AGCTGGGGCTACTCGAC-5' 

3'-AGCUGGGGCUACUCGAC-5'

We don't need to change anything other than switch out the T's for the U's

500

If the Enhancer that activates the gene responsible for the protein that catalyzes the production of cyclin/CDK complexes was inhibited, how would this affect the cell after fertilization? (Explain in a one or more sentences DO NOT give one word answers)

If the cell cannot produce the protein that can catalyzes the reaction of cyclin/CDK complexes, then the cell cycle would come to a halt because cyclin/CDK complexes are a positive regulator, without them there is no passing the checkpoints which means the cell will remain in G0. Probably this would cause the death of the growing cells 

Translation

100

What is bound to the codons with an anticodon?

tRNA (amino acyl RNA to be specific)

200

Why would similar codons encode for the same Amino Acid?

This is meant to reduce the negative impact of random mutations and is called Degeneracy

300

In S phase, Where in the cell does Translation occur and what is the main enzyme used to Translate?

The Rough ER and the main enzyme used in Translation is the Ribosome

400

If the anticodons line up as shown, tell me the mRNA and the Amino Acids they code for (direction is given)

Anticodons: UAC ACC GCG AAU CAA AUA

mRNA:     5'-                                         -3'

mRNA: 5'-AUGUGGCGCUUAGUUUAU-3'

Amino Acids: Met-Trp-Arg-Leu-Val-Tyr

500

How are tRNAs made? and by what enzyme? 

By transcribing DNA to make RNA and this is done using RNA Polymerase

Mutations

100

Mutations are classified into two criteria, what are those criteria?

What part of DNA

What type of cell is mutated

200

If a child has a genetic predisposition to have Down Syndrome (an extra chromosome on chromosome 21). But, say it was born healthy and without Down syndrome, what may have been the cause of this?

A deletion of mutation of the extra chromosome in chromosome 21 resulting in "normal" chromosome numbers

300

What type of mutation is this?

Original mRNA strand: 5'-UCUCAGCAUAUU-3'

Mutated mRNA strand: 3'-UUAUACGAUUCU-5'

Nonsense Mutation

400

What is the relationship between Proto-oncogenes and Oncogenes

Proto-oncogenes are genes that IF mutated can cause cancer

Oncogenes are what Proto-oncogenes are called if they are mutated

Basically, Proto-oncogenes means before mutation while Oncogenes means after mutation 

500

During Cross over, say that as the chromosomes were crossing over a random DNAse protein came and cut out the part the chromosome was going to swap and took it away. How kind of mutation would this be? How might this affect the organism?

This would be a large scale mutation and specifically a Deletion

It would cause the organism to not have potentially important coding regions which means its lacking in essential proteins and RNA. This might lead to its death or it'll lead to less variability in the organism. 

Mitosis

100

What are the three other names of Mitosis (Don't include Mitosis as one of the names)

M phase

Mitotic phase

Karyokinesis

200

Why would Translation occur during the Cell Cycle? and where might it occur in the Cell Cycle (what phase(s)?)

We need to prepare the proteins necessary to do all the functions of the Cell Cycle 

G1, S, G2, and M phase

300

What is the main difference between Mitosis and Binary Fission. Can you think of an example where Binary Fission happens in us?

Prokaryotes use Binary Fission while Eukaryotes use Mitosis

400

What kind of regulator is Rb protein in Cell Cycle regulation and which of the following best describes the gene that encodes for it?

A) Proto-oncogene

B) Tumor Suppressor

C) Oncogene

It is a negative regulator (meaning it will halt the Cell cycle) 

B is the correct answer (Tumor Suppressor)

500

Draw an image of what the cell looks like in Metaphase, Anaphase, and Cytokinesis

Explain how might this cell be characterized as a Stem cell

Drawings will be judged by Aldrin (yay him)

Stem cells are characterized by:

1. Not itself terminally differentiated

2. It can divide "without limit"

3. Can either remain a stem cell or it can divide and still have a stem cell

Meiosis

100

What is the big difference between Mitosis and Meiosis? (hint: think of the main steps in cell cycle)

Meiosis:

Has 2 nuclear division with one replication phase

Mitosis:

Has 1 nuclear division with one replication

200

What is the main difference between Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2?

Meiosis 1 is where the variability comes from while Meiosis 2 is the same as Mitosis

300

Which Phase(s) do the Chromosomes align?

Metaphase 1

Metaphase 2

400

What and where do the variability mechanisms occur in the cell cycle (what are they and what step in phase or phase?)

Random Fertilization: Formation of the zygote (random egg and random sperm join together)

Cross over: Homologous chromosomes exchange parts and happens in Prophase 1

Independent Assortment: Random sides of the chromosomes during Meiosis 1 will be pulled in opposite directions meaning that we get different chromosomes in first two daughter cells that will split once more (Diploid to Haploid)

500

Draw Prophase 1, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 1, and finally Prometaphase 2

Aldrin will judge drawings