Antimicrobials
These antimicrobials target a wide range of microbes (e.g., both Gram-positive and Gram-negative), and can disrupt normal flora.
What are broad-spectrum antibiotics?
The presence of microbes inside a host without disease.
What is colonization?
Skin, mouth, intestines, respiratory tract, and urogenital tract.
Where in the human body do we typically find normal biota?
Number of new cases in a specific time vs total number of existing cases.
What’s the difference between incidence and prevalence?
Enzymes produced by some bacteria that break the β-lactam ring in antibiotics like penicillin, making the drug ineffective.
What are β-lactamases (penicillinases)?
The minimum number of microbes needed to cause infection
What is the infectious dose?
The ability to cause disease vs the degree of damage or severity of disease caused.
What is Virulence vs Pathogenicity?
Single exposure event (sharp, short curve) vs Continuous exposure (longer plateau)
What are Point-source vs Common-source epidemic?
Tetracyclines, macrolides (e.g., erythromycin), aminoglycosides (e.g., streptomycin), and chloramphenicol. They target the bacterial ribosome.
Which are antibiotics that target protein synthesis?
Skin, respiratory tract, GI tract.
What are microbes portals of entry into the host?
Host immune status, microbial virulence & portal of entry.
What are three variables that influence whether a microbe causes disease?
Occurs when a large part of the population is immune, indirectly protecting those who aren’t immune by reducing disease spread.
What is herd immunity?
Azoles (e.g., Fluconazole) & Allylamines (e.g., Terbinafine) inhibit ergosterol synthesis.
What are antimycotic (antigungal) clases that inhibit fungal wall synthesis?
Proteins secreted by living Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria; highly toxic and specific.
What are exotoxins?
Entry, Attachment, Surviving, Damage, Exit.
What are the five steps a microbe must take to cause disease in a host?
______________ tracks disease patterns in populations. _________________ applies this data to prevent illness.
What are Epidemiology and Public Health